BACKGROUND In New South Wales, hepatitis A is notifiable by medical practitioners on clinical suspicion of acute viral hepatitis, and by laboratories on detection of IgM specific for hepatitis A virus (HAV). Hepatitis A, which is generally acquired by ingestion, has been linked to the consumption of raw, or improperly cooked, contaminated foods (such as oysters and salad), contaminated water, a...

Contaminated water is the primary source of any disease. Water may be contaminated by number of pollutants and dyes are one of them. Malachite green (MG) dye is widely used as biocide in the aquaculture industry to controls fungal attacks, protozoan infections and also used in food and textile industries for various purposes. Surface and ground water is contaminated with dyes due to discharge o...

Several studies have shown that enteric viruses can be transferred onto the surface of vegetables and fruits through spray irrigation, but, recently, reports have suggested viral contamination of vegetables sub-irrigated with reused wastewater. Hydroponic cultures, used to grow ready to eat fresh lettuce, have also been used to study the possibility of viral absorption through roots. This study...

In low-income settings, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive mothers must choose between breastfeeding their infants and risking transmission of HIV or replacement feeding their infants and risking diarrheal disease from contaminated water. We conducted a cross-sectional study of children < 2 years of age of 254 HIV-positive mothers in peri-urban Zambia to assess their exposure to waterb...

Optimal sensor placement for detecting contamination events in water distribution systems is a well explored problem in water distribution systems security. We study herein the problem of sensor placement in water networks to minimize the consumption of contaminated water prior to contamination detection. For any sensor placement, the average consumption of contaminated water prior to event det...

The present work aims at reducing the friction of rubber soles sliding on ceramic floorings. Fitting bored cylindrical protrusions with different diameters on rubber soles was proposed. Experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed protrusions in increasing friction coefficient at dry and contaminated floorings. It was found that, at dry sliding, friction coefficient ...

The resistivity, complex resistivity and complex permittivity of the chrome-contaminated soil were studied. Under the different pollution concentration and water content in the soil samples conditions, the relations between the resistivity, complex resistivity and complex permittivity of the chrome-contaminated soil and water content and the concentration of pollution were analyzed. When adding...

Using pottery clay, porous ceramic stones were molded and then decorated with copper sub-microparticles inside the pores. Copper added antimicrobial functionality to the clay-based ceramic and showed ability in disinfecting water. Populations of both Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae in contaminated water were reduced by >99.9% in 3 h when exposed to an antimicrobial stone. This a...

We have developed two significant modifications to conventional airstripping of MTBE from contaminated groundwater. The first modification involves application of thermodynamic principles to improve by at least a factor of three the overall mass transfer efficiency, obtaining very high removal efficiencies, using a combination of higher operating temperatures (40-60 C) and vacuum pressures (fro...

Campylobacter spp. are a substantial cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Human infection can result from ingestion of contaminated food or water from a variety of sources, including the consumption of fresh produce that is contaminated with the pathogen via the use of contaminated irrigation water. Using molecular methods, we investigated the occurrence of Campylobacter in the Qu'Appelle River ...