the results of this study and the knowledge gained from more than a decade of randomized trials of non-oxynol-9 as a vaginal microbicide, it is time to move on. Women at risk for STIs such as chlamydia and gonorrhea are often also at risk for HIV-1. In practical terms, a vaginal microbicide must have no risk of increasing HIV-1 incidence before it can be introduced as a microbicide for other ST...

WWC STANDARDS Brief The What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) is an initiative of the U.S. Department of Education’s Institute of Education Sciences. The WWC evaluates research studies that look at the effectiveness of education programs, policies, and practices, which the WWC calls “interventions.” WWC Standards Briefs explain the rules the WWC uses to assess the quality of studies. For more informat...

U ni ve rs ity o f C al ifo rn ia , S an D ie go , C A . Hepatic steatosis, the intracellular accumulation of triglycerides (triglyceride fat) in hepatocytes, is a common and often asymptomatic condition. An estimated 20 to 80 million Americans have nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFld), which is the most common chronic liver disease in the united States.1 Steatosis is now recognized to play...

Abstract The concept of spatial confounding is closely connected to regression, although no general definition has been established. A generally accepted idea in regression models the change fixed effects estimates that may occur when spatially correlated random collinear with covariate are included model. Different methods have proposed alleviate linear models, but it not clear if they provide...