The experience and lessons of the last two decades have shown that ignoring the key differences between the economics of peace and the economics of development has been a major reason why countries relapse into conflict. This paper briefly analyses such differences and their important implications for effective policymaking in war-torn countries, and against this background, it makes recommenda...

This paper analyzes the conflict between performance enhancing technology and IPSec in satellite IP networks, and proposes a solution called multilayer IP security with changeable zone (CZML-IPSec). It enables licensed intermediate nodes not only access TCP header, but also object links of upper layer in the form of HTML by converting static zone mapping to changeable dynamic mapping and buildi...

<p>This article examines the Israel-Palestine conflict through lens of eschatology, a religious belief concerning end-of-age expectations, which often incites violent reactions. Despite extensive research on conflict, there is lack comprehensive studies exploring role eschatology in this context. The Middle East, including Israel and Palestine, turbulent war zone with religion significant...

Human flourishing is often severely limited by violent conflict, yet the root causes of war and peace are intricate and difficult to quantify. In recent years, the increasing availability of data has led to models which attempt to explain the complexities of warfare from various perspectives [1]–[5]. However, a universal spatial model that can predict areas of war and peace on a global scale re...

Deterrence studies have experienced four waves. The three first ones mainly focused on nuclear deterrence and the fourth one was aimed at deterring terrorism so-called «rogue states». However, below threshold of war ‒that is, conflict in gray zone‒ has received little attention. This article proposes an exploratory theoretical framework to deter escalation within conflicts zone. First, based a ...

the 56th pugwash conference on science and world affairs opened with a key note address by the italian minister of foreign affairs, massimo d’alema, and the un secretary-general ban ki-moon’s message in bari, italy, on 21 october 2008. in the week-long meeting, the participants discussed a wide array of topics related to regional security issues such as the status of nuclear arms control, the r...