This article describes the origins of the conventional use of null hypothesis significance testing and why this convention has led to difficulties in implementing research results in applied settings. This article continues to explain the the value of expressing research results with confidence limits and effect sizes for sporting application. As researchers investigating human performance, one...

Researchers often calculate ratios of measured quantities. Specifying confidence limits for ratios is difficult and the appropriate methods are often unknown. Appropriate methods are described (Fieller, Taylor, special boot-strap methods). For the Fieller method a simple geometrical interpretation is given. Monte Carlo simulations show when these methods are appropriate and that the most freque...

In survival analysis, estimates of median survival times in homogeneous samples are often based on the Kaplan-Meier estimator of the survivor function. Confidence intervals for quantiles, such as median survival, are typically constructed via large sample theory or the bootstrap. The former has suspect accuracy for small sample sizes under moderate censoring and the latter is computationally in...

The problem of interval estimation of the stress–strength reliability involving two independent Weibull distributions is considered. An interval estimation procedure based on the generalized variable (GV) approach is given when the shape parameters are unknown and arbitrary. The coverage probabilities of the GV approach are evaluated by Monte Carlo simulation. Simulation studies show that the p...

This paper presents a modification of a method for constructing approximate lower confidence limits for the proportion of conformance of normally distributed processes, which was proposed by Wang and Lam (1996). The proposed method is very simple and its implementation does not require the use of special tables. In addition, as verified via simulation, it leads to confidence limits with coverag...

Studies of biological variables such as those based on blood chemistry often have measurements taken over time at closely spaced intervals for groups of individuals. Natural scientific questions may then relate to the first time that the underlying population curve crosses a threshold (onset) and to how long it stays above the threshold (duration). In this paper we give general confidence regio...

We study the frequentist properties of confidence intervals computed by the method known to statisticians as the profile likelihood. It is seen that the coverage of these intervals is surprisingly good over a wide range of possible parameter values for important classes of problems, in particular whenever there are additional nuisance parameters with statistical or systematic errors. Programs a...

This article describes a program, PRODCLIN (distribution of the PRODuct Confidence Limits for INdirect effects), written for SAS, SPSS, and R, that computes confidence limits for the product of two normal random variables. The program is important because it can be used to obtain more accurate confidence limits for the indirect effect, as demonstrated in several recent articles (MacKinnon, Lock...

The problem of assessing occupational exposure using the mean or an upper percentile of a lognormal distribution is addressed. Inferential methods for constructing an upper confidence limit for an upper percentile of a lognormal distribution and for finding confidence intervals for a lognormal mean based on samples with multiple detection limits are proposed. The proposed methods are based on t...

Let Mi and Mi be the maximum and minimum of the ith sample from k independent sample with different sample sizes, respectively. Suppose that the survival distribution function of the ith sample is F ̄i = F ̄αi, where αi is known and positive constant. It is shown that how various exact non-parametric inferential proce- ′ dures can be developed on the basis of Mi’s and Mi ’s for distribution ...