This paper provides an overview of methods reported in the literature for generating typical load shapes required for the simulation of energy use and peak cooling loads in commercial buildings. It also includes a survey ofavailable databases ofmonitored commercial end-use electricity data, and a review of classification schemes of the commercial building stock. This study was conducted as part...

Commercial buildings consume a significant amount of energy today and are slated to consume even more in the future. This consumption necessitates the use of carbon-producing fuels such as coal and natural gas, both of which have significant environmental impacts. While renewable energy sources remain promising, it is expected that most of the electricity generation will still use fossil fuels ...

Commercial buildings are attractive targets for introducing innovative cyber-physical control systems, because they are already highly instrumented distributed systems which consume large quantities of energy. However, they are not currently programmable in a meaningful sense because each building is constructed with vertically integrated, closed subsystems and without uniform abstractions to w...

This paper presents a comprehensive refinement of system modeling and optimization study of air-cooled direct expansion (DX) refrigeration systems for commercial buildings to address the energy saving problem. An actual DX rooftop package of a commercial building in the hot and dry climate condition is used for experimentation and data collection. Both inputs and outputs are known and measured ...

With increasing use and integration of renewable energies, power imbalance between supply and demand sides has become one of the most critical issues in developing smart grid. As the major power consumers at demand side, buildings can actually perform as distributed thermal storages to help relieving power imbalance of a grid. However, power demand alteration potentials of buildings and energy ...

HVAC systems constitute ∼ 40% of energy in commercial buildings, and faults in HVAC account for 5% to 20% of its energy consumption. Typically, HVAC in modern buildings are managed using Building Managing Systems (BMS), and fault detection is one of the essential services provided by BMS to keep HVAC operational. We study the fault management practices followed in real commercial buildings, and...

office building, or school, or replace your heating and cooling system, you may want to consider a geothermal heat pump (GHP) system. GHP systems are also known as GeoExchange, ground-source, or water-source heat pumps (as opposed to air-source heat pumps). Regardless of what you call them, energy-efficient geothermal heat pumps are available today for both residential and commercial building a...