retrofitting structures is an important issue. structural weakness may be due to changes in design codes or defects in implementation. adding structural floors to the existing structures may also lead to the need for strengthening and retrofitting. retrofitting is possible before the earthquake or may take place as rehabilitation of damaged members after earthquake. elements such as columns in ...

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I’VE SUBSCRIBED to IEEE Software since it started in 1984. I’ve always liked its practical focus and that it covers all types of software from embedded systems to large business systems. It was, and maybe still is, the most readable and useful of the magazines trying to bridge the divide between researchers and practitioners. For the past few years, though, I haven’t found much I want to read i...

mosques always during the islamic period have been as a particular species manifestation of taste and skill of real artists, and like a large canvas have displayed the set of popular arts in any period. in the meantime, stone , despite the difficulty in extracting and cutting, not abandoned ,and at  beginning of the qajar dynasty, trimmer of  this period  following the order and recommend of ma...