The most common pharmacokinetic responses of the rate and the extent of absorption are: Area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), and time to reach maximum plasma concentration (tmax). The distributions of responses such as AUC and Cmax are often positively skewed and exhibit a lack of homogeneity of variances. Therefore, normality assumption on ...

The effect of antacid on the bioavailability of cefprozil was investigated in a two-way crossover study. Eight healthy male subjects received a single 500-mg oral dose of cefprozil with and without coadministration of 30 ml of an antacid suspension containing magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide (Maalox). Cefprozil consists of cis and trans isomers in an approximate 90:10 ratio. When cefp...

In single center, open labeled, randomized, two-way, two-period, two-treatment, crossover, single dose bioequivalence study, test and reference formulation of Febuxostat were orally administered in twenty-six +2 (standby) healthy adult male human subjects under fasting condition, with five days washout period. Pharmacokinetic blood samples were collected periodically following drug administrati...

The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of cyclosporine (CsA) on the pharmacokinetic parameters of mycophenolic acid (MPA), an active mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) metabolite, and to compare with the effect of everolimus (EVR).Anonymized medical records of 404 kidney recipients were reviewed. The main MPA pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC(0-12) and Cmax) were evaluated.The patie...

The effect of the intake of 200 g of grapefruit pulp (corresponding to one grapefruit) on the pharmacokinetics of the calcium antagonists nifedipine (NF) and nisoldipine (NS) were investigated in 8 healthy Japanese male volunteers. A crossover design was used for the study: group I did not ingest any grapefruit (control group); group II ingested grapefruit 1 h after drug administration; and gro...

There is considerable interest in the state of the world’s natural fishery resources. The paper by Froese et al. (2012) is a recent example of applying a set of ad hoc decision rules to a time series of catch data in order to assign the world’s fisheries to categories of exploitation and hence make generalisations about their current status. They conclude that the percentage of stocks that are ...

This paper presents an overview of existing bounds on l1-embeddings of planar metrics. A new family of graphs containing the K2,3 minor is introduced. Computational results on this family of graphs establish a new lower bound on the constant in the following conjecture: There exists an absolute constant Cmax > 0 such that every finite planar metric embeds into the l1 metric with distortion < Cm...

Clomipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant. Different methods for determination of clomipramine hydrochloride in plasma have been described. Most of these procedures favor the use of acidic back-extraction in extraction procedure and HPLC as the analytical technique. In this study, the clomipramine extraction procedure was modified and a direct injection to the column was performed to shorten t...

the pharmacokinetic parameters of domestic and imported ranitidine hydrochloride tablets (ranitidine, formulated and manufactured by kharazmi pharmaceuticals, iran, and zantac ? manufactured by glaxo, uk) were measured in 14 healthy subjects following oral administration of a single 300-mg dose of each brand and compared for bioequivalence evaluation. the pharmaceutical equivalency of both form...

Severe drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains a major safety issue due to its frequency of occurrence, idiosyncratic nature, poor prognosis, and diverse underlying mechanisms. Numerous experimental approaches have been published to improve human DILI prediction with modest success. A retrospective analysis of 125 drugs (70 = most-DILI, 55 = no-DILI) from the Food and Drug Administration Liver...