In this article we discuss the archaeological landscapes of Erbil plain during Hellenistic period (late fourth century BCE–mid second BCE) based on data collected Plain Archaeological Survey (EPAS) between 2012 and 2019. We use a landscape archaeology approach to trace patterns habitation, migration, land exploitation, water management from Iron Age early first millennium CE. Over course BCE, w...

In this paper we view the folding of polynucleotide (RNA) sequences as a map that assigns to each sequence a minimum free energy pattern of base pairings, known as secondary structure. Considering only the free energy leads to an energy landscape over the sequence space. Taking into account structure generates a less visualizable non-scalar "landscape", where a sequence space is mapped into a s...

How do we experience and appreciate landscapes when know too much about them? Looking over a familiar view, begin to note the intrusive presence of countless threats—climate change, urban sprawl, deforestation name but few—that seem linger on edge frame, revealing each landscape be unstable, at risk, subject creeping or sudden onset massive change. Likewise, increasing awareness violent his...

A traditional picture of evolutionary dynamics with constant fitness is that of genomes living in sequence space and adapting on fitness landscapes. Mutation rates are considered to be constant or externally regulated. If, however, we take into account that genomes also encode for enzymes that perform replication and error correction, then individual genomes not only have a specific replication...

Organically Evolved Cultural Landscapes of the Pacific 31 Pacific systems of horticulture – continuing cultural landscapes 32 Change through time in horticultural systems relict horticultural and agricultural cultural landscapes 37 Arboriculture in the Pacific Islands 40 Land tenure and settlement patterns 40 Social systems and village structures 45 Social, ceremonial and burial places 47 Relic...