green supply chain management is an environmental approach in supply chain management that aims to decrease ecological risks in products’ life cycle. closed-loop supply chain by collecting and recycling the harmful production in nature attempts to achieve this goal. in this paper, due to different strategies in collecting products, several pricing models in two-echelon closed supply chain are p...

[Purpose] To compare outcomes of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction after open kinetic chain (OKC) exercises and closed kinetic chain (CKC) exercises. [Subjects and Methods] The subjects comprised 11 female and 47 male patients who are randomly divided into two groups: which performed a CKC exercise program Group I and Group II which performed an OKC exercise program. Pain intensit...

Context: Athletes are often examined for return to sports using a functional-testing algorithm. No research has determined whether a closed kinetic chain (CKC) isokinetic testing bout influences the reliability of functional tests. Objective: To determine whether a concentric CKC isokinetic test bout alters test–retest reliability of lower extremity functional testing. Design: Subjects particip...

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to compare the electromyography index of muscle coactivation of the following muscle pairs: posterior deltoid and pectoralis major (PD/PM); triceps brachii and biceps brachii (TB/BB); and serratus anterior and upper trapezius (SA/UT) during three different closed kinetic chain exercises (wall-press, bench-press and push-up) on an unstable surface at th...

Thirty-seven patients who had undergone anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were tested in a gait analysis laboratory at 2 and 6 weeks after surgery. Between test sessions, patients were randomly assigned to a course of either closed or open kinetic chain resistance exercises (3 sessions per week for 4 weeks). Gait analysis consisted of bilateral calculations of knee joint angle, moment, ...

BACKGROUND Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a common clinical presentation. Various neuromuscular factors have been reported to contribute to its aetiology. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review METHODS A literature search was carried out from 1998 up to December 2007. Eligible studies were those that: (1) examined the effects of hip strengthening in subjects with PFPS; (2) examined the effe...