Alarmins are endogenous molecules that are constitutively available and released upon tissue damage and activate the immune system. Current evidence indicates that uncontrolled and excessive release of alarmins contributes to the dysregulated processes seen in many inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, as well as tumorigenesis and cancer spread. Conversely, alarmins have also been found to pl...

background: the goal of antivenom administration for snake-bitten patients is to achieve therapeutic response (initial control), which means reversal of the venom-induced effects through neutralizing the venom. the aim of this study was to identify snakebite prognostic factors of weak therapeutic response prior to antivenom administration. methods: this was a retrospective study of patients wit...

most contemporary clinical reasoning tests typically assess non-automatic thinking. therefore, a test is needed to measure automatic reasoning or pattern recognition, which has been largely neglected in clinical reasoning tests. the puzzle test (pt) is dedicated to assess automatic clinical reasoning in routine situations. this test has been introduced first in 2009 by monajemi et al in the oly...

background: objective structured clinical examination (osce) is one of the best methods of evaluating the achievement of domains such as educational objectives and cognitive, emotional, and psycho-motor aspects of medical students. according to available evidences, no study has been conducted  on the evaluating of osce in midwifery students. the main purpose of this study was the evaluation of ...

clinical trial committee (ctc) has been established in food and drug organization (fdo), in 2003 to assure efficacy and safety of all types of medicinal products which are meant to be registered in iran drug list and/or obtain market authorization.all clinical trial files, meeting minutes and databases in ctc secretariat in fdo were reviewed. relevant information and data extracted, analyzed an...

background: at the present time, teaching pharmacology for medical students mainly focuses on the basic principles of pharmacology. this study was conducted to assess the current situation of pharmacology teaching and the necessity of developing clinical pharmacology from the viewpoint of medical interns and externs in tabriz university of medical sciences. methods: this descriptive cross-secti...

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....................................................................................................v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................vi DEDICATION.................................................................................................vii LIST OF TABLES........................................................................

RESPONSE THEORY MODELS Various polytomous IRT models parameterize the probability of response categories differently from each other. For example, the graded response model (GRM) (Samejima, 1969) is based on the cumulative log-odds principle, whereas the generalized partial credit model (GPCM) (Muraki, 1992) is based on the adjacent log-odds principle. It is widely known that these two polytomo...

Personalized learning becomes increasingly popular which not be restricted by time, place or any other barriers. This study proposes an analysis of Personalized Learning using Item Response Theory which considers course material difficulty and learner ability. The study investigates twenty undergraduate students at TATI University College, who are taking programming subject. By using the IRT, i...