For the purposes of this paper, we define insurgency as an organized movement that uses armed violence to overthrow a country’s government while often hiding within the civilian population and using civilians to perform combat support functions. The use of civilian population differentiates insurgency from the regular warfare where such an exploitation of civilians would constitute a war crime....

Objective: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the epidemiological characteristics of amputations caused by trauma in Chinese civilians and provide a reference for clinical work. Methods: A retrospective study of all major extremity amputations in Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University sustained by Chinese civilians from January 2009 to December 2013 was conducted. Data from the medi...

OBJECTIVE To examine the circumstances surrounding weapon injury and combatant status of those injured by weapons. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Northwestern Cambodia after departure of United Nations peacekeeping force. SUBJECTS 863 people admitted to hospital for weapon injuries over 12 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Annual incidence of weapon injury by time period; proporti...

In late 2014, a series of highly publicized police killings of unarmed Black male civilians in the United States prompted large-scale social turmoil. In the current review, we dissect the psychological antecedents of these killings and explain how the nature of police work may attract officers with distinct characteristics that may make them especially well-primed for negative interactions with...

UNLABELLED This study measured 21 anthropometric dimensions (ADs) of 94 Korean male helicopter pilots in their 20s to 40s and compared them with corresponding measurements of Korean male civilians and the US Army male personnel. The ADs and the sample size of the anthropometric survey were determined by a four-step process: (1) selection of ADs related to helicopter cockpit design, (2) evaluati...

Civilians constitute a large share of casualties in civil wars across the world. They are targeted to create fear and punish allegiance with the enemy. This maximizes collaboration with the perpetrator and strengthens the support network necessary to consolidate control over contested regions. I develop a model of the magnitude and structure of civilian killings in civil wars involving two arme...

This study investigated the impact of violent experiences during childhood, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and appetitive aggression on everyday violent behavior in Burundian females with varying participation in war. Moreover, group differences in trauma-related and aggression variables were expected. Appetitive aggression describes the perception of violence perpetration as fascinating ...

High rates of tuberculosis (TB) and HIV are believed to exist in Russian prisons. Prisoners with TB were studied in order to identify the following: 1) prevalence of HIV, and risk factors for HIV and other blood-borne virus infections; and 2) clinical and social factors that might compromise TB treatment effectiveness and/or patient adherence and, hence, encourage treatment failure. A 1-yr cros...

The study described in this report used mathematical modeling to estimate health risks from exposure to depleted uranium (DU) during the 1991 Gulf War for both U.S. troops and nearby Iraqi civilians. The analysis found that the risks of DU-induced leukemia or birth defects are far too small to result in an observable increase in these health effects among exposed veterans or Iraqi civilians. On...

BACKGROUND As a result of the wars in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, many people have been affected by post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Considering that religion plays an important role in both of these countries and that religiosity/spirituality can be a positive coping resource, we were interested in investigating the spiritual needs of PTSD patients in these countries. Also, we aimed ...