Drawing on literatures documenting the experience of physicians in both European and American societies, a new theoretical framework for explaining variations in the professional power of physicians is provided. Most studies of professions have used professional organization as the principal explanatory variable, with state policy and the organization of civil society as secondary mediating fac...

British colonial policies set the stage for the subsequent balance between state and civil society in Malaysia, including the persistent racial stratification of the public sphere, cross-racial differences in modes of state–society engagement and the focus on development of citizenship skills for some groups and autonomous self-regulation for others. This article explores the vestiges and impli...

The positive role that an active civil society plays in processes of democratisation is often highlighted in the literature. However, when it comes to the Middle East and North Africa, such activism is considered to be detrimental to democratisation because the predominant role is played by Islamist groups. The explanation for this rests with the perceived ‘uncivil ’ and undemocratic Islamist e...