speakers of different languages have paid attention to the phonetics of their language since ancient times. muslim scientists have also taken into consideration the value of phonological studies and among them there are linguists who are not less important than any western ones like saussure, chomsky and jacobson. some of them are even counted more major than westerners; one of these muslim sch...

Speaking as someone who has personally felt the influence of the “Chomskian Turn”, I believe that one of Chomsky’s most significant contributions to Psychology, or as it is now called, Cognitive Science was to bring back scientific realism. This may strike you as a very odd claim, for one does not usually think of science as needing to be talked into scientific realism. Science is, after all, t...

This review paper will report on some recent discoveries in the area of Formal Languages, chie y by F. Otto, G. Buntrock and G. Niemann. These discoveries have pointed out certain break-throughs connected with the concept of growing contextsensitive languages, which originated in the 1980's with a paper by E. Dahlhaus and M.K. Warmuth. One important result is that the deterministic growing cont...

It is a well-known theorem by Chomsky and Schützenberger (1963) that every context-free language can be represented as a homomorphic image of the intersection of a Dyck language and a regular language. This paper gives a Chomsky-Schützenberger-type characterization for multiple context-free languages, which are a natural extension of context-free languages, with introducing the notion of multip...

Weir [43] proved a Chomsky-Schützenberger-like representation theorem for the string languages of tree-adjoining grammars, where the Dyck language Dn in the Chomsky-Schützenberger characterization is replaced by the intersection D2n ∩ g(D2n), where g is a certain bijection on the alphabet consisting of 2n pairs of brackets. This paper presents a generalization of this theorem to the string lang...