STUDY OBJECTIVE To evaluate how patients determined that pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) canisters were empty and to measure pMDI depletion under different circumstances in the laboratory. SETTING Most of the study was performed in a university research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Fifty consecutive patients attending the Brenner Children's Hospital Asthma Center were initially question...

T he ban on chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) hit users squarely in their degreasers. In the search for viable alternative cleaning processes, the first task was to determine evaluation criteria. When is a product sufficiently clean? How do we know when it’s properly rinsed? At what point is it adequately dry? After seeking out suitable non-CFC cleaning agents, we next sized up equipment best suited f...

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF(6)) are increasingly being used to date recent groundwater components. While these trace gases are generally well-mixed in the atmosphere, there is evidence that local atmospheric excesses (LAEs) exist in some areas of the world, primarily associated with urbanisation and thereby affecting the interpretation of data derived from groundwate...

AIM Children with cerebral palsy (CP) often experience communication difficulties. We aimed to identify a classification system for communication of children with CP suitable for epidemiological surveillance. METHOD Systems to classify the communication of children with CP were identified. The Communication Function Classification System (CFCS), Functional Communication Classification System ...

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of two different types of interviews—one that did (POSTICM) and one that did not (POSTI) embed a concept-mapping process—to elicit students’ postinstructional understandings about chlorofluorocarbons and their role in global atmospheric change (GAC). A chief criterion measure was accordance, the degree to which students held...

An advantage of using chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) as tracers of ocean circulation is that the time-dependent source functions permit calculation of rates for ocean processes. These compounds are also sensitive indicators highlighting interior ocean regions where surface-derived anomalies can be transported on timescales of decades. Significant applications for CFCs ...

has adopted a more severe position and will ban CFCs by the end of 1994. In order to face this challenge, Elf Atochem has developed a comprehensive range of CFC alternatives. Today, CFC-12 can easil be replaced by the FORANEQ 134a or the FORANEQ FX56 (retrofit) and R-502 by the FORANE 8 FX70 or the FORANEB FXlO (retrofit). During the last two years, Elf Atochem's new FORANE@ refrigerants have b...

The electron capture dynamics of halocarbon and its water complex have been investigated by means of the full dimensional direct density functional theory molecular dynamics method in order to shed light on the mechanism of electron capture of a halocarbon adsorbed on the ice surface. The CF(2)Cl(2) molecule and a cyclic water trimer (H(2)O)(3) were used as halocarbon and water cluster, respect...