Chloramination has been used in drinking water treatment since the early 1900s, but its use has been low compared to that of chlorine. In recent years, a large number of utilities have switched from chlorine to chloramine as a secondary disinfectant, primarily to comply with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Stage 1 and Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection ByProducts Rules (D/D...

background: pre-chlorination of raw water containing natural organic matters may lead to forming harmful disinfection by-products such as trihalomethanes (thms), the measurement of which needs expensive advanced analytical instruments. this study was conducted to anticipate thms formation potential in bandar abbas drinking water system using cheap and simple experiments and a mathematical model...

Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is commonly applied as a secondary disinfection process in chlorinated pools. UV-based systems have been reported to yield improvements in swimming pool water and air chemistry, but to date these observations have been largely anecdotal. The objectives of this investigation were to evaluate the effects of UV irradiation on chlorination of important organic-N precurs...

A study was conducted to compare the susceptibility of legionellae and coliforms to disinfection by chlorine. The chlorine residuals used were similar to concentrations that might be found in the distribution systems of large public potable water supplies. The effects of various chlorine concentrations, temperatures, and pH levels were considered. A number of different Legionella strains, both ...