This statement defines physical restraint and provides recommendations for its use in children and adolescents. Mechanical restraint and physical holding are described. The primary focus of the statement is on mechanical restraint. Recommendations: Explain the procedure to the child; physician's order is used; when intervention is used, communicate in writing to parents; physical assessment. It...

Maternal eating behaviour (e.g. restraint, disinhibition) has been associated with maternal child-feeding style (e.g. pressure to eat, restricting intake, monitoring) for children over the age of two years. In particular, mothers high in restraint are significantly more likely to restrict and monitor their child's intake of food. Research has not however examined the impact of maternal eating b...

This paper assesses the effectiveness of child safety seat laws in the United States. Over the past 35 years, these laws have steadily increased mandatory child safety seat restraint ages. We exploit state-year level variation in the age until which children are required to ride in child safety seats to estimate triple difference models using Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data from ...

OBJECTIVE To identify strengths and weaknesses in community based child passenger safety programs by developing a scoring instrument and conducting observations of child restraint use in three Native American communities. SETTING The three communities are autonomous Tribal reservations in the Pacific Northwest. Their per capita incomes and rates of unemployment are comparable. METHODS In ea...

This paper provides an overview of a statewide survey of child restraint device (CRD) use and misuse in Michigan. The study found that about 75 percent of children under the age of four were in a CRD and that CRD use generally followed the safety belt use patterns of the drivers. The study also found that when a CRD was used, nearly 90 percent of the time an error was made in either how the CRD...

INTRODUCTION Restraint misuse is a common problem leading to increased morbidity and mortality for children involved in motor vehicle crashes. The purpose of this project was to describe the injury patterns associated with restraint misuse in the pediatric population, with particular focus on clues to significant injury that can be identified by the prehospital provider that may impact subseque...