In the first volume of his Physical and chemical essays (1779), Torbern Bergman, professor of chemistry and pharmacy at Uppsala in Sweden, discussed the chemical analysis of natural waters, including mineral waters. He remarked that when a weighed quantity of a mineral water was evaporated to dryness the weight of the residues usually amounted to no more than a minute fraction of the original w...

The interfacial tension of surfactant solutions is decreased with increasing surfactant concentration to obtain the critical micelle concentration (CMC). After that, the CMC values does not alter much. So this concentration is a critical point during surfactant flooding that is one of the chemical EOR techniques. The reduction of the CMC value is taken into consideration, since the surfactant f...

A new family of Mg salts carba-closo-dodecaborate was developed for ion battery applications. Modification at the boron vertices drastically improves solubility without compromising chemical and redox stability.

In 1899 Wolfgang Paul2 and the write? independently reached the conclusion that electrolytes when acting on proteins formed ion-protein compounds. The writer anticipated that these ionproteins would explain the mystery of many life phenomena. He was especially interested in one of the most universal physiological actions of salts; namely, the antagonistic salt action, for which the annihilation...

TRIVALENT chromium has been identified as an essential trace element in the maintenance of normal carbohydrate metabolism, both in man and in animals. Its deficiency leads to an impairment of glucose tolerance which is reversed when the diet is supplemented by chromium salts, and more rapidly by foods with a high organic content.' The absorption of chromium depends upon the chemical form in whi...

Studies of taste receptor cells, chorda tympani (CT) neurons, and brainstem neurons show stimulus interactions in the form of inhibition or enhancement of the effectiveness of sucrose when mixed with acids or citrate salts, respectively. To investigate further the effects of acids and the trivalent citrate anion on sucrose responses in hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), we recorded multifiber CT ...

An apparatus and a method for rapidly determining chemical toxicity have been evaluated as an alternative to the rabbit eye initancy test (Draize). The toxicity monitor includes an automated scoring of how motile biological cells (Tetrahymena pyriformis) slow down or otherwise change their swimming patterns in a hostile chemical environment. The method, called the Motility Assay (MA), is tested...

We use accurate thermodynamic derivatives extracted from high-precision measurements of the four volume-fixed diffusion coefficients in ternary solutions of lysozyme chloride in aqueous NaCl, NH4Cl, and KCl at pH 4.5 and 25 degrees C to (a) assess the relative contributions of the common-ion and nonideality effects to the protein chemical potential as a function of salt concentration, (b) compa...

Nerve cells of different functions cannot be differentiated histologically by staining methods. In order to prove chemical differences it is necessary t o affect the function of a given type of neuron by the action of a chemical agent. Thus Baglioni 1 has demonstrated a chemical difference between sensory and motor cells in the frog and the squid, by showing that phenol is an excitant for the m...