This review describes the progress of the development of surface chemical reactions for themodification of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and the fabrication of surface chemical gradients. Various chemical reactions can be carried out on SAMs to introduce new functionalities. “Click” reactions, which are highly efficient and selective, have largely contributed to the development and implement...

the most accurate method for calculating the aeroheating is numerical solution method. using finite volume method to solve the navier-stokes equations in time is very time consuming. so by using the finite difference algorithm, transfer equations to curvature coordinate by the mapping function, and combination of the viscous shock layer and similarity of boundary layer, the ctca code was develo...

Experiments are described demonstrating the precipitation of azodyes by immune sera prepared by the injection of azoproteins containing the same azo component. These precipitin reactions prove conclusively the view already advanced on the basis of inhibition reactions that antibodies combine specifically with substances of small molecular weight. Although in this respect both phenomena have the...

in protein biochemistry, biochemists specially study proteins as complex polymers. protein biochemistry is the study of the chemical structure of proteins, including individual amino acids, their linkage as well as physical structure of proteins. proteins, especially globular proteins, are three dimensional in nature. proper function of globular proteins is tightly related to their three-dimens...

le chatelier's principle is used as a very simple way to predict the effect of a change in conditions on a chemical equilibrium. . however, several studies have reported the violation of this principle, still there is no reported simple mathematical equation to express the exact condition of violation in the gas phase reactions. in this article, we derived a simple equation for the violati...

Biochemical pathways, such as metabolic, regulatory, and signal transduction pathways, constitute complex networks of functional and physical interactions between molecular species in the cell. They are represented in a natural way as graphs, with molecules as nodes and processes as arcs. In particular, metabolic pathways are represented as directed graphs, with the substrates, products, and en...