Composted organic biomasses at 60, 90, and 150 days of maturity were studied for changes in molecular composition. Compost samples were subjected to a mild sequential fractionation based on (1) organic solvent extraction, (2) transesterification with boron trifluoride in methanol (BF3-CH3OH), and (3) methanolic alkaline hydrolysis (KOH-CH3OH). The general chemical variations in compost residues...

Transition metal stable isotope signatures can be useful for tracing both natural and anthropogenic signals in the environment, but only if the mechanisms responsible for fractionation are understood. To investigate isotope fractionations due to electrochemistry (or redox processes), we examine the stable isotope behavior of iron and zinc during the reduction reaction M2þ aqueous + 2e = Mmetal ...

BACKGROUND The recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass is a major limitation for its conversion into biofuels by enzymatic hydrolysis. The use of a pretreatment technology is an essential step to diminish biomass recalcitrance for bioethanol production. In this study, a two-step pretreatment using hydrothermal pretreatment at various temperatures and alkali fractionation was performed on eucal...

Context:  The major motivation for the preparation of the plasma derived biological medicine was the treatment of casualties from the Second World War.  Due to the high expenses for preparation of plasma derived products, achievement of self-sufficiency in human plasma biotechnological industry is an important goal for developing countries.Evidence Acquisition:  The complexity of the bloo...

[1] The isotopically light N2O produced by microbial activity is thought to be balanced by the return of heavy stratospheric nitrous oxide. The Yung and Miller [1997] method that first explained these trends yields photolytic fractionation factors half those observed by experiment or predicted quantum mechanically, however. To address these issues, we present here a Born-Oppenheimer photolysis ...

Quantification of dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) pools under the influence of long-term fertilization is essential for predicting carbon (C) sequestration. We combined soil chemical fractionation with stable C isotope analyses to investigate the C dynamics of the various SOC pools after 25 years of fertilization. Five types of soil samples (0-20, 20-40 cm) including the initial level (CK...

Chemical speciation of soil cadmium (Cd) dictates its mobility and potential toxicity in the environment. Our objective was to compare temporal changes in speciation of Cd(II) reacted with samples from six Brazilian soils having varying Cd(II) sorption capacities. Cadmium L-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) analysis showed there were short-term changes in speciation after reacti...

20 21 Distillers’ Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) is the major by-product of bioethanol and distillery 22 plants. Due to its high content of proteins, water-soluble vitamins and minerals, DDGS has been 23 long marketed as animal feed for livestock. EU legislation on liquid biofuels could raise the 24 demand on bioethanol production in Europe, with a resulting increase in DDGS availability. 25...

Micrometeorites experience varying degrees of evaporation and mixing with atmospheric oxygen during entry. Evaporation due to gas drag heating alters the physicochemical properties fully melted cosmic spherules (CSs), including size, chemical isotopic compositions is thus expressed in its signatures. However, extent CSs often remains unclear, leading uncertainties precursor body identification ...