The cervical multifidus muscles insert onto the lower cervical facet capsules and the cervical facet joints are the source of pain in some chronic whiplash patients. Our goal was to determine if the cervical multifidus muscles were active during a simulated rear-end collision and a loud acoustic stimulus, and thereby assess whether they can contribute to injuring the facet capsular ligaments du...

This work presents a Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC) scheme to perform evasive maneuvers and avoid rear-end collisions. Rear-end collisions are among the most common road fatalities. To reduce risk of collision, it is necessary for controller react as quickly possible exploit full vehicle maneuverability (i.e., combined control longitudinal lateral dynamics). The proposed design relie...

STUDY DESIGN The motion of each cervical vertebra during simulated rear-end car collisions was analyzed. OBJECTIVES To clarify the mechanism of zygapophysial joint injury during whiplash loading. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The zygapophysial joint is the suspected origin of neck pain after rear-end car collision. However, no studies have been conducted on the mechanisms of zygapophysial join...

Prognostic factors for chronic neck pain were identified in a prospective Norwegian insurance cohort comprising 636 persons with minor or moderate traffic injuries. One questionnaire was used at baseline and another at 3 years post-injury. Daily severe or very severe neck pain at three years follow up was defined as chronic neck pain. Eight significant independent prognostic factors for chronic...

INTRODUCTION The influence of amendments to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 108, requiring conspicuity treatments on heavy tractors and trailers, was determined in analyses of the odds of fatal collisions in darkness. METHOD Comparisons were made between crashes in which conspicuity treatment was likely relevant, and those in which it was likely irrelevant. RESULTS Over 23year...

Previous studies in the United States and internationally suggest that low motorcycle conspicuity, or the inability of the motorcyclist to be seen by other road users, is an important factor associated with the risk of motorcycle crashes. However, there has been limited research on motorcycle conspicuity in the United States in the past two decades, while at the same time, there has been a rene...

Multiple RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) molecules can transcribe a gene simultaneously, but what happens when such polymerases collide--for example due to polymerase pausing or DNA damage? Here, RNAPII collision was characterized using a reconstituted system for simultaneous transcription by two polymerases. When progression of leading polymerase is obstructed, rear-end collision entails a transien...

This study examines the potential effectiveness of a Pre-Collision System (PCS) that integrates Forward Collision Warning (FCW), Pre-crash Brake Assist (PBA), and autonomous Pre-crash Braking (PB). Real-world rear-end crashes were extracted from NASS/CDS years 1993 2008. The sample of 1,396 collisions, corresponding to 1.1 million crashes, was simulated as if the striking vehicle had been equip...

Conditions for the occurrence of bidirectional collisions are developed based on the Simon-Gutowitz bidirectional traffic model. Three types of dangerous situations can occur in this model. We analyze those corresponding to head-on collision, rear-end collision and lane-changing collision. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we compute the probability of the occurrence of these collisions for differ...

This paper proposes an effective warning message forwarding scheme for cooperative collision avoidance. In an emergency situation, an emergency-detecting vehicle warns the neighbor vehicles via an emergency warning message. Since the transmission range is limited, the warning message is broadcast in a multihop manner. Broadcast packets lead two challenges to forward the warning message in the v...