This paper contributes to the analysis of Russian research dynamics and output in nanotechnology. The paper presents an analysis of Russian nanotechnology research outputs during the period of 1990-2012. By examining general outputs, publication paths and collaboration patterns, the paper identifies a series of quantified factors that help to explain Russia’s limited success in leveraging its a...

This review examines the origins of primary care and the pressures currently faced in terms of patient expectation, regulation, accountability, and work force shortages. It recognises the appropriateness of adding to the burden in primary care further by the shift both of more services and more medical education from secondary care. Some conclusions are drawn concerning potential solutions incl...

This paper models voters’ preferences over central versus local education policies when there are private alternatives. Education is financed by income taxes and individuals are mobile between communities. Public education levels are chosen by majority vote. Contrary to conventional wisdom, centralisation may benefit the rich and poor, while the middle class prefer decentralised education. The ...

In numerous countries, especially developing countries, the effectiveness of animal health activities is hampered by weakness in the overall organisation of Veterinary Services’ health activities, namely: a) the excessive administrative centralisation that characterises the analysis of health problems, in which the search for solutions depends solely on technicians; b) asymmetric relationship b...

Traffic congestion and the policies used to combat it have been studied extensively. One area which has received less attention is the secondary impacts of such policies. This paper uses a micro-simulation framework to study the effect on labour markets of road pricing. The key benefit of our chosen methodology is that it allows a simultaneous consideration of both commuting and migration decis...

Two distinctive features of Sasanian bridges are their designation as weir-bridges and function in the facilitation irrigation. This has often been used to emphasise a specific administrative centralisation. The author stresses continuity investments infrastructures, from Arsacids Islamic period via Sasanians. It is presented that members elite governing classes well private entrepreneurs provi...

About 120 babies are born with cleft lip and palate in Finland each year. Most cases consist of isolated cleft palate (60%), while less than one in four cases suffer from complete cleft lip and palate. In Finland, clefts are closed before the child's first birthday. Clefts affect appearance, occlusion and speech, and the final outcome of treatment can only be assessed at the end of the child's ...