The aim of this study is to cluster the most widely used public debt management tools peculiar EECCA (Eastern Europe, Caucasus, and Central Asia) markets. Overall, results show that volume countries’ relative GDP declined from 2000 2015. However, as their enhanced after 2016 until 2020, inclusive, need choose proper for its intensified. main cause in countries state budget deficit (Kazakhstan, ...

The major factors of insecurity in the East, away from the security of geopolitical area were because of the formation of political management in the nineteenth century colonial style. The security factor in the vast region of the East that encompasses at least three countries of Iran and Afghanistan and Pakistan is very important and highly effective. It reached its peak colonial Anglo-Russian...

Medicinal plants are indicators of indigenous knowledge in the context of political volatility and sociocultural and ecological change in the Pamir Mountains of Afghanistan and Tajikistan. Medicinal plants are the primary health care option in this region of Central Asia. The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate that medicinal plants contribute to health security and sovereignty in a ...

It has only recently been discovered that the likely origin of some of the world's most important fruit crops, such as apples, apricots and walnuts, lie in a small region of forests in central Asia. The region is home to more than 300 wild fruit and nut species but this unique genetic resource is under major threat, according to a new report which estimated that 90 per cent of this woodland has...

the collapse of the soviet :union: had unpredicted effects on its neighboring regions such as central asia. these conditions provided a situation for the powers such as united states and russia to have a greater influence on central asia, and also to fill the absence of the power found by the collapse of soviet :union:. after september 11, 2001, united states of america, following the strategy ...

termination of the cold war was followed by considerable developments in international relations, including the emergence and gradual empowerment of new political actors. china was one of these actors whose process of empowerment, which actually started many years before the end of the cold war, has drawn attention from many analysts. central asia is one of the regions with which china has had ...

This paper challenges the thesis that mountain areas are regions of refuge. The refuge concept attributes irrelevant exchange and limited communication to isolated mountain habitats which mainly depend on production for home consumption. In contrast, it is shown that exchange relations in all walks of life have been affected not only recently but for nearly two centuries in Central Asia, althou...

This paper focuses on inequality in living standards across oblasts and regions within Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Regional inequality is an important area of research and policy development. Inequality in income and consumption are logical outcomes in a market-based economic system. If inequality within countries exists because of barriers to compe...