We present the main results of the study and justification of our opinion on the role of dopamine (DA) retrograde transfer in the cavernous sinus in the regulation of the dopaminergic (DArgic) system activity. We are convinced that under physiological conditions DA - which is continuously retrograde transferred in the cavernous sinus from venous brain effluent to arterial blood supplying the br...

CASE REPORT A male patient with a left carotid-cavernous sinus fistula (CCSF) and two previous attempts of embolization via the femoral vein was treated with embolization through the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV). DISCUSSION The main modality of treatment for CCSF is intervention radiology. This aims to occlude the fistula via an arterial route, through the cavernous sinus, or via a venous r...

The Tolosa-Hunt syndrome consists of painful ophthalmoplegia caused by cavernous sinus inflammation, which is responsive to steroid therapy. The MR features of 11 patients with the clinical diagnosis of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome were studied. Two patients had normal MR studies of the orbit and cavernous sinuses. In nine patients, abnormal signal and/or mass lesions were seen in the cavernous sinuses...

The use of high-resolution computed tomography (CT) is described in four patients with septic cavernous sinus thrombosis. In all patients CT findings included multiple irregular filling defects in the enhancing cavernous sinus. Unilateral or bilateral inflammatory changes in the orbital soft tissues were also present. Enlargement of the superior ophthalmic vein due to extension of thrombophlebi...

PURPOSE To present five patients with VIth nerve palsy and ipsilateral Horner's Syndrome (HS), as a result of cavernous sinus alteration. STUDY DESIGN Consecutive case series. MATERIAL AND METHODS Five patients presented abducens palsy with horizontal diplopia (3 in primary position and 2 in lateral gaze only) and ipsilateral HS. Apraclonidine 0.5% drops evidenced sympathetic denervation in...

Marginal sinus fistulas (MSFs) are uncommon vascular anomalies. Occasionally, the dominant venous drainage is forced retrograde up the inferior petrosal sinus and into the cavernous sinus, causing chemosis, proptosis, and ocular hypertension, mimicking a carotid cavernous fistula. This atypical clinical presentation may lead to misdiagnosis and inappropriate hazardous treatment of an MSF. Ident...