As an international legal instrument, the International Health Regulations (IHR) is internationally binding in 196 countries, especially in all the member states of the World Health Organization (WHO). The IHR aims to prevent, protect against, control, and respond to the international spread of disease and aims to cut out unnecessary interruptions to traffic and trade. To meet IHR requirements,...

Information, documents and knowledge for each person and for public and private organizations are fundamental in each activity, and they may be the products or services they provide or supply. The daily activities and decision-making processes are usually based on many different pieces of information, which could be handled on PDAs and mobile devices in general, or stored on laptop computers us...

Abstract Pteridophytes reproduce by producing vast numbers of spores that may be dispersed over considerable distances, helping the plants colonise new areas. Being resistant to desiccation, fern can often survive for many years as spore banks in soil. After disturbance, such germinate and subsequently area. These factors help pteridophytes become primary colonisers on barren land, volcanic isl...

Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) is a rare and life-threatening disease. It is characterized by multiple arterial and/or venous thrombotic events, including the microcirculation, occurring in a short period, and can affect any system. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome can occur in individuals with known APS under treatment, or it can be its first manifestation; in most cases, ...

In many complex systems, large events are believed to follow power-law, scale-free probability distributions so that the extreme, catastrophic events are unpredictable. Here, we study coupled chaotic oscillators that display extreme events. The mechanism responsible for the rare, largest events makes them distinct, and their distribution deviates from a power law. On the basis of this mechanism...

Almost all models of decision making assume an underlying boolean space of events. This gives a logical structure to events that matches the structure of propositions of classical logic. This chapter takes a different approach, employing events that form a topology instead of a boolean algebra. This allows for new modeling concepts for judgmental heuristics, rare events, and the influence of co...