In classical turtle graphics a line is drawn to connect the turtle’s position vector before and after executing each FORWARD command. A hodograph turtle shadows the classical turtle and draws a line connecting the classical turtle’s direction vector before and after executing each TURN command. Here we study examples of the hodograph turtle in action along with several extensions. We show that ...

In the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis), gonadal sex differentiation is temperature-dependent. The temperature sensitive period (TSP) of gonadogenesis lies between stages 16 and 22 of embryonic development. Previous studies have shown that embryos incubated at 30 degrees C, a temperature yielding 100% phenotypic females, can be sex reversed by treatments with an aromatase inhibitor admin...

Abstract Ecological niche modelling provides a useful tool to measure properties such as breadth, overlap and conservatism among genetic lineages, with relevant implications for conservation. The Mediterranean pond turtle Mauremys leprosa occurs on both sides of the Strait Gibraltar over most Iberia Maghreb Region north-western Africa, where it shows complex structure result Pleistocene climati...

Biological invasions are among the major global causes of biodiversity loss. The pet trade is main pathway by which reptiles introduced into new environments. After EU import ban on pond slider (Trachemys scripta), other species pet-traded freshwater turtles more often reported from wild. Here we report first and genetically verified record Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) east...

Remote measurements of different environmental parameters received during last 30 years are used for the synthesis of a Complex Simulation Model (CSM) describing the combined water regimes of the Aral-Caspian System (ACS) including the consideration of aquatic and climatic natural processes. The problem of stabilizing the sea levels of these two water bodies is modelled and a solution obtained ...

This memo addresses the general prospects for Russia's policy in the Caspian Sea, particularly in light of the ongoing financial crisis and domestic political turmoil. After touching on uncertainties regarding the Caspian's significance as a source of hydrocarbon reserves, I will consider Russia's evolving policy preferences and diplomatic relations, environmental issues, and the broader politi...