Since the introduction by Serbinenko [1] of the concept of using detachable balloons to occlude arteriovenous fistulae and the development of the latex detachable balloon system by Debrun et al. [2] , detachable balloons have become the treatment of choice in the management of posttraumatic carotid-cavernous fistulae [3, 4]. Using this method, the fistula can be occluded with preservation of fl...

A patient is described with Ehlers Danlos syndrome presenting with spontaneous carotid cavernous fistula, in whom there was biochemical evidence for defective type III collagen synthesis. Despite the risks associated with arterial manipulation, the fistula was successfully closed by interventional neuroradiology and the patient has since remained well. This outcome is in contrast with the resul...

A 35-year-old male experienced the rapid development of left pulsatile exophthalmos and chemosis in the early course after craniofacial trauma. A high-flow direct carotid-cavernous fistula was found at diagnostic carotid angiography. After successful endovascular embolization of the fistula by balloon and coils, the patient developed a diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage leading to death. We postul...

Background: Dural fistula to the cavernous sinus (DFCS) is an infrequent pathology that consists in the anomalous communication between the meningeal branches of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and/or the external carotid artery (ECA) and the cavernous sinus. Aim: To perform a systematic review to evaluate clinical and imaging findings in DFCS, and current indications for treatment. Methods: ...

Introduction: Direct carotid cavernous fistulas (CCF) are abnormal communications between the internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus usually resulting from high energy trauma to the face and base of skull. The management of direct CCF relies on endovascular procedures repairing the malformation as healing cannot take place in the high flow system. Case Report: A 16­year­old male presen...

When standard transarterial or transvenous interventional techniques failed to provide access to treat an indirect carotid cavernous fistula, we used sonographically guided direct percutaneous access through the facial vein to successfully embolize a lesion.

We report a case of a carotid-cavernous fistula through a persistent trigeminal artery with endovascular treatment, and discuss the Saltzman classification of persistent trigeminal artery anatomy and its importance in treatment of this lesion.

We present a unique case of a patient with a symptomatic carotid cavernous fistula treated successfully with balloon embolization. Her subsequent death from other disease processes allowed direct visualization of the balloon occlusion in situ at postmortem examination.

Diagnostic and differential diagnostic of orbital diseases are considered to be one of the most difficult problems in ophthalmology because most orbital pathologies display the same signs and symptoms. Condition of orbital tissues can be evaluated using three different radiology imaging techniques: A/B-scan ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. A/B-scan ultrasono...

This case of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula was caused by rupture of a peculiar ipsilateral intracavernous anastomosis between the accessory meningeal artery and the redundant deep recurrent ophthalmic artery. In the opposite cavernous sinus there was an obvious anastomosis between the accessory meningeal artery and the ophthalmic artery, probably located in the lateral part of the caverno...