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introduction energy is one of the most important commodities that make up a large proportion of international trade. among all the countries in the world, iran is known as semi-industrial developing country which is rich in energy such as non-renewable energy in particular fossil fuel. use of energy affects the environment in various forms of pollution. in the agricultural sector, the fao repor...

The initial allocation of tradable carbon emission allowances is among the most contentious issues in developing an emission trading scheme (ETS). China faces serious dilemmas of system complexity and information incompleteness and asymmetry in allocating carbon allowance among enterprises. As one of the pilot ETS regions, Shenzhen has launched the first regional cap-and-trade ETS (SZ ETS) in C...

Carbon nanotubes were subjected to doping with an energetic Ag ion beam, and the carbon nanotubes on the top of the array were transformed into amorphous carbon nanowires with embedded Ag-nanoparticles. The field emission characteristics of these nanowires were investigated. The minimum turn-on and threshold fields were 0.68 and 1.09 V/mum, respectively, which were lower than those of the as-gr...

The microstructure, electronic structure and chemical bonding of chromium carbide thin films with different carbon contents have been investigated with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy and soft x-ray absorption-emission spectroscopies. Most of the films can be described as amorphous nanocomposites with non-crystalline CrC(x) in an amorphous car...

We modeled the effects of afforestation and deforestation on carbon cycling in forest floor and soil from 1900 to 2050 throughout 13 states in the southern United States. The model uses historical data on gross (two-way) transitions between forest, pasture, plowed agriculture, and urban lands along with equations describing changes in carbon over many decades for each type of land use change. U...

Carbon / epoxy composite is one of the most useful polymer matrix composites that has special properties such as high strength-to-weight ratio, high hardness, high corrosion resistance, Resistance to nuclear radiation has high consumption in different industries such as aerospace industry. Therefor monitoring of loading of this type of composite is important. In order to determine failure mecha...

Tilted well-aligned carbon microand nano-hybrid rods were synthesized on Si at different substrate temperatures and incident angles of carbon source beam using the hot filament physical vapour deposition technique. The morphologic surfaces, chemical compositions and bond structures of the oblique carbon rodlike structures were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, field emission scannin...

A sample of J–type carbon stars was searched for OH maser emission. The new detection of three OH lines towards two silicate carbon stars is reported. In V778Cyg, previously known as the main–lines (1665 and 1667MHz) maser source, the satellite 1612MHz emission was discovered while in NSV2814 the main OH lines were detected. The presence of OH maser lines confirms the former suggestion that oxy...

A thin diamond-like carbon (DLC) film was deposited onto a densely packed "forest" of vertically aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes (VACNT). DLC deposition caused the tips of the CNTs to clump together to form a microstructured surface. Field-emission tests of this new composite material show the typical low threshold voltages for carbon nanotube structures (2 V μm(-1)) but with greatly incre...