The modular and versatile synthesis of C4-substituted tryptophan derivatives by direct functionalization of easily available N-acetyl 4-boronate tryptophan methyl ester via transition metal-catalyzed and metal-mediated cross coupling reactions is described. The versatility of the chemistry is highlighted by the gram-scale synthesis of 4-boronated N-acetyl-tryptophan methyl ester and the rapid s...

C4 photosynthesis evolvedmore than 60 times independently in different plant lineages. Each time, multiple genes were recruited into C4 metabolism. The corresponding promoters acquired new regulatory features such as high expression, light induction, or cell typespecific expression in mesophyll or bundle sheath cells. We have previously shown that histone modifications contribute to the regulat...

Polysomes (S-20) from homogenates of guinea pig liver synthesized serum albumin and a precursor of the fourth component of guinea pig complement (C4) in vitro. The C4 precursor (pro-C4) accounted for approximately 0.2% and albumin 4% of the radiolabeled protein precipitable by trichloroacetic acid and not bound to polysomes. Pro-C4 is a single polypeptide chain (molecular weight 200,000) which ...

C4 plants have up to 10-fold higher apparent CO2 assimilation rates than the most productive C3 plants. This requires higher fluxes of metabolic intermediates across the chloroplast envelope membranes of C4 plants in comparison with those of C3 plants. In particular, the fluxes of metabolites involved in the biochemical inorganic carbon pump of C4 plants, such as malate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate,...

A small minority of Africa's wild plant foods are C4. These are primarily the seeds of some of the C4 grasses, the rootstocks and stem/leaf bases of some of the C4 sedges (especially papyrus), and the leaves of some of the C4 herbaceous dicots (forbs). These wild food plants are commonly found in disturbed ground and wetlands (particularly the grasses and sedges). Multiple lines of evidence ind...