L American party organizations have received remarkably little scholarly attention. Although this is hardly a new problem (see Blanksten 1960: 479; Martz 1964: 509; Kaufman 1977: 109), it is particularly surprising in the contemporary period. Not only has the demise of authoritarianism in the region increased the number and importance of parties, but the intellectual trend away from marxism to ...

Formulating, rearranging, and improving perfecting bureaucratic behavior to become better, productive, professional, efficient, effective for the formation of a pattern, mode, system better governance. Commitment, good etiquette, seriousness, hard work from all parties are absolute, must be upheld. Our country's political leadership is very weak, there politicization bureaucracy, resistance (re...

Abstract While existing research has suggested that delegating foreign aid allocation decisions to a multilateral fund may incentivize recipient countries invest in bureaucratic quality, our analysis links the fund’s decision rules recipient-country investment by explicitly modeling decision-making within funds. We find majority rule induces stronger competition between recipients, resulting hi...

The paper questions the fashionable ideas, that bureaucratic organization is an obsolescent, undesirable and non-viable form of administration, and that there is an inevitable and irreversible paradigmatic shift towards marketor network organization. In contrast, the paper argues that contemporary democracies are involved in another round in a perennial debate and ideological struggle over what...