in order to study the effects of planting systems on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of some onion genotypes, an experiment was conducted in a split plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replications in behbahan agriculture research station for two years (2012-2014). in this study two planting systems: onion set and transplant were assigned to main plots a...

Editor's Note: These short, critical reviews of recent papers in the Journal, written exclusively by graduate students or postdoctoral fellows, are intended to summarize the important findings of the paper and provide additional insight and commentary. For more information on the format and purpose of the Journal Club, please see Interneurons are among the most diverse cell populations in the C...

CASE REPORT A 52year old man with benign prostatic hyperplasia presented to us with retained cut end of a Foleys catheter with inflated bulb in his urinary bladder. He was catheterized for one month and the bulb could not be deflated as the catheter was due for change. In a hospital, an attempt was made to deflate the bulb. Accidentally, Foleys catheter was cut and distal end with the inflated ...

Bulb onion (Allium cepa) is the second most widely cultivated and consumed vegetable crop in the world. During winter, cold injury can limit the production of bulb onion. Genomic resources available for bulb onion are still very limited. To date, no studies on heritably durable cold and freezing tolerance have been carried out in bulb onion genotypes. We applied high-throughput sequencing techn...

OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of high jugular bulb in a group of patients with definite Ménière's disease, and to investigate whether the position or size of the jugular bulb is significantly different in the affected ear than in the unaffected ear. METHODS Retrospective review of patient charts, audiograms, and computed tomography scans to determine the position and size of the jugula...

Nasal mucosa and olfactory bulb are separated by the cribriform plate which is perforated by olfactory nerves. We have previously demonstrated that the cribriform plate is permissive for T cells and monocytes and that viruses can enter the bulb upon intranasal injection by axonal transportation. Therefore, we hypothesized that nasal mucosa and olfactory bulb are equipped to deal with constant i...

Induction, neurogenesis, and synaptogenesis of the olfactory bulb are thought to require interactions with the olfactory epithelium. The Dlx family of homeobox genes is expressed in both the olfactory bulb and olfactory epithelium. In particular, Dlx5 is expressed in the olfactory placode, olfactory epithelium, and local circuit neurons of the olfactory bulb. Here we analyzed mice lacking DLX5 ...

The homeobox gene Gsx2 (formerly Gsh2) is known to be required for striatal and olfactory bulb neurogenesis; however, its specific role in the specification of these two neuronal subtypes remains unclear. To address this, we have employed a temporally regulated gain-of-function approach in transgenic mice and found that misexpression of Gsx2 at early stages of telencephalic neurogenesis favors ...

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that's triggered by a terrifying event - either experiencing it or witnessing it. In addition to the relationship between PTSD and neuroinflammation, research indicates that olfactory bulb are effective in anxiety disorders. The aim of this study was to assess the electrophysiological activity of olfactory bulb in the animal mod...

Axon targeting during the development of the olfactory system is not always accurate, and numerous axons overextend past the target layer into the deeper layers of the olfactory bulb. To date, the fate of the mis-targeted axons has not been determined. We hypothesized that following overextension, the axons degenerate, and cells within the deeper layers of the olfactory bulb phagocytose the axo...