Resource reservation has been proposed in the literature as a means to prevent temporal interference between applications. With applications consisting of one or more real-time tasks, resource reservation inherently involves multiple levels of scheduling, i.e. a scheduling hierarchy. This document considers two-level hierarchical scheduling for independent applications in cost-constrained syste...

Global-mean temperature increase is roughly proportional to cumulative emissions of carbondioxide (CO2). Limiting global warming to any level thus implies afinite CO2 budget. Due to geophysical uncertainties, the size of such budgets can only be expressed in probabilistic terms and is further influenced by non-CO2 emissions.We here explore how societal choices related to energy demand and speci...

Prior research has shown that flexibility within mental budgets allows consumers to make exceptions to budget rules in order to justify indulgent choices. However, other research has suggested that too stringent of mental budgets can lead to self-control failure through self-control depletion and the “what-the-hell” effect. We propose that including slack, defined as a region of constrained fle...

Recent years have seen dramatic shifts, in theory and practice, both in the area of public sector management and reform, and in the area of development assistance. The ideas and practices of the ‘New Public Management’ have reshaped thinking about public policy and management both in developed and in developing countries. The restructuring of public services in order to enhance their efficiency...

Accurate clock skew budgets are important for microprocessor designers to avoid holdtime failures and to properly allocate resources when optimizing global and local paths. Many published clock skew budgets neglect voltage jitter and process variation, which are becoming dominant factors in otherwise balanced H-trees. However, worst-case process variation assumptions are severely pessimistic. T...

nowadays, project selection is a vital decision in many organizations. because competition among research projects in order to gain more budgets and to attain new scientific domain has increased. due to multiple objectives and budgeting restrictions for academic research projects have led to the use of expert system for decision making by academic and research centers. the existing methods suff...

Climate-induced disturbances are contributing to rapid, global-scale changes in coral reef ecology. As a consequence, reef carbonate budgets are declining, threatening reef growth potential and thus capacity to track rising sea-levels. Whether disturbed reefs can recover their growth potential and how rapidly, are thus critical research questions. Here we address these questions by measuring th...

BACKGROUND The costs of performing research are an important input in value of information (VOI) analyses but are difficult to assess. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the costs of research, serving two purposes: (1) estimating research costs for use in VOI analyses; and (2) developing a costing tool to support reviewers of grant proposals in assessing whether the proposed b...

Housing captive primates in environments representative of their wild habitat in many cases can be challenging. Captive white-handed gibbons can be housed in a caged environment or on an island surrounded by a moat. It has been hypothesized that the quality of the captive environment can affect gibbon behavior, as expressed in (or by) their activity budgets. The researcher observed the activity...