PURPOSE We evaluated whether patients with overactive bladder and incontinence who discontinued intravesical botulinum toxin therapy can be successfully treated with sacral neuromodulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS All patients who were referred to our center after discontinuation of botulinum toxin-A between 2005 and 2010 were included in this observational study. All patients underwent test st...

The intracellular action on exocytosis of botulinum A toxin and constituent chains was studied using permeabilized isolated nerve endings from the rat neural lobe. The release of the neuropeptide vasopressin was measured by radioimmunoassay. In the presence of the reducing agent dithiothreitol, the two-chain form of botulinum A toxin inhibited vasopressin release induced by 10 microM free calci...

There is an increasing demand for minimally-invasive cosmetic procedures to arrest the aging process. Botulinum toxin type A injections are the most commonly used nonsurgical cosmetic procedures in the United States. There has been research spanning over two decades dedicated to safety, efficacy, dosing, and complications of botulinum toxin type A. There are now two Food and Drug Administration...

Clostridium botulinum produces a characteristic botulinum neurotoxin which can cause an often fatal neuroparalytic condition known as botulism. Although food-borne botulism is rare, critical screening by food companies is necessary to ensure that food products are safe. At present, the food industry assesses the risks of botulinum neurotoxin production by challenge testing to check any new food...

J Rehabil Med Suppl 41, 2003 DOI 10.1080/16501960310010151 Botulinum toxin is a potent neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. There are seven serotypes, all of which block the release of acetylcholine from nerve endings, which gives the compound its theoretical base for reducing spasticity. Initial studies of the use of botulinum toxin in the management of spasticity were p...

Masseter muscle hypertrophy is a rare condition of unknown cause which is important in the differential diagnosis of head and neck masses, located in the cheek. Several treatment options reported for masseter hypertrophy, which range from simple pharmacotherapy to more invasive surgical reduction. Botulinum toxin type A is a powerful neurotoxin which is produced by the anaerobic organism Clostr...

BACKGROUND Recent reports indicate increased incidence of Clostridium botulinum infections, particularly among drug abusers and tissue allograft recipients. Botulinum toxin also has potential application in biochemical warfare. The neurotoxin-induced paralysis often requires mechanical ventilation with and without muscle relaxants. The authors investigated the long-term effects of botulinum tox...

Botulinum toxin for injection is a purified and diluted protein which isolated from the bacterium Clostridium botulinum . It one of most potent toxins known to humankind. C. an anaerobic Gram-positive, spore-forming present naturally in soil, plants, static water bodies, gastrointestinal tract mammals aquatic life. Different formulations are available. FDA approval these varies. This article re...