Making use of the virtual work method, a mechanical multiphase model for reinforced materials is developed. Matrix and reinforcement are continuously distributed. The work of internal forces accounts for the matrix three-dimensional and inclusions onedimensional characteristics and for their interaction as well. The corresponding equations of motion and associated boundary conditions are deduce...

OBJECTIVE The authors examine the pattern of direction errors made during the manipulation of a physical simulation of an underground coal mine bolting machine to assess the directional control-response compatibility relationships associated with the device and to compare these results to data obtained from a virtual simulation of a generic device. BACKGROUND Directional errors during the man...

DNA topoisomerase I alpha (TOP1α) plays a specific role in Arabidopsis thaliana development and is required for stem cell regulation in shoot and floral meristems. Recently, a new role independent of meristem functioning has been described for TOP1α, namely flowering time regulation. The same feature had been detected by us earlier for fas5, a mutant allele of TOP1α In this study we clarify the...

Molecular biologists are rapidly characterizing the genetic basis of flowering in model species such as Arabidopsis thaliana. However, it is not clear how the developmental pathways identified in controlled environments contribute to variation in reproductive timing in natural ecological settings. Here we report the first study of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for date of bolting (the transitio...

According to the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, is amongst top ten onion-producing countries in world. Though Pakistan, most districts Khyber Pakhtunkhwa produce onions, Malakand division lonely contributes 60% total onion production country. In farming, bolting an insidious phenomenon that occurs plants due fluctuations environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and light intensity. ...