Contamination of shooting range soils from the use of Pb bullets is under increasing scrutiny. Past research on Pb contamination of shooting ranges has focused on weathering reactions of Pb bullets in soil. The objective of this study was to determine the significance of abrasion of Pb bullets in contributing to soil Pb contamination. This was accomplished by firing a known mass of bullets into...

The use of lead bullets and shot at shooting ranges is under increasing scrutiny as a potentially significant source of Pb pollution. This study assessed Pb contamination in the soils of two shooting ranges (TRR and MPR) in Florida. Soil samples were collected from the two ranges and analyzed for total Pb to determine Pb contamination. Selected spent bullets and berm soil samples were mineralog...

We have already presented a new type of reflection wave dissipater, which has a curtain wall in front of the vertical seawall. The mechanism of the dissipater is to enhance vortex flows around the lower edge of curtain wall by the use of piston mode wave resonance in the water chamber. In order to expand the usage of the dissipater to the sea with comparatively large tidal difference, performan...

A combined BEM-FEM model has been developed to simulate the dynamic interaction between non-linear waves and an impermeable seawall with a submerged rubble toe over a sand seabed. A poro-elastic finite element model has been developed and used under the surface pressure computed by the BEM-FEM model. Modified Navier-Stokes equations are used to solve the flow inside the porous media and Biot's ...

In planning the construction of a seawall, it is necessary to consider several things, such as incoming waves, types defensive units, and economic factors. So for type size armor unit used, expected that structure will only experience minimal damage. addition, there are other considerations, wave reflection by structure. port area, with low needed keep anchored pool calm. this study, experiment...

Pressure on the coastline is escalating due to impacts of climate change, this leading a rise in sea-levels and intensifying storminess. Consequently, many regions coast are at increased risk erosion flooding. Therefore coastal protection schemes will increase cost scale. In response there growing use nature-based which aim be sustainable, effective adaptable. An example solution dynamic cobble...