Kraft recovery boilers operating today are experiencing higher fouling rates due to increased chloride content within the liquor cycle. It has been shown that excessive chloride content in recovery boiler ash results in increased fouling rates on the boiler’s convective surfaces.(1, 2) Tighter liquor cycles and more efficient precipitator ash collection have resulted in higher chloride content ...

Without reclamation of waste liquor and chemicals recovery, the kraft pulp and paper industry would constitute an enormous pollution problem. Already for economical reasons, substantial recovery is secured, however, and considerable further improvements are foreseen. Recovery is outlined in terms of cycles for sodium, calcium, sulphur, and—in a wider sense—carbon. In addition, the mechanical lo...

Firm scope benefits consumers by allowing them to purchase multiple goods at one location like supercenters, malls, or department stores. This paper quantifies the consumer benefit of introducing one-stop shopping as a new shopping choice, and in turn, estimates the benefit to firms. I exploit an exogenous change in the allowable firm scope in Washington State, which recently deregulated the re...

BACKGROUND Paper pulp wastewater resulting from alkaline extraction of wheat straw, known as black liquor, is very difficult to be treated and causes serious environmental problems due to its high pH value and chemical oxygen demand (COD) pollution load. Lignin, semicellulose and cellulose are the main contributors to the high COD values in black liquor. Very few microorganisms can survive in s...

This paper uses an unusually rich sample of liquor brands in the U.S. over the period 1994 to 2004 to test substitutability of advertising media. The liquor industry in the U.S. has experienced a substantial increase in case sales and advertising expenditures since the mid-1990s, raising numerous public policy concerns. Moreover, the mix of advertising media used by liquor brands also changed s...

We have developed a CMOS image sensor with a novel color filter array (CFA) where one of the green pixels of the Bayer pattern was replaced with a white pixel. A transparent layer has been fabricated on the white pixel instead of a color filter to realize over 95% transmission for visible light with wavelengths of 400-700 nm. Pixel pitch of the device was 3.3 um and the number of pixels was 2 m...

A commercial variety of Leucaena leucocephala K360 was used for pulp production and papermaking employing the soda-anthraquinone process. Also, the chemical and energy contents of the resultant black liquors were determined to simultaneously optimize: pulp and paper production and energy generation. A process temperature of (185°C), an operating time of (120 min) and an active alkali concentrat...

To synthesize a holographic color image, one can sequentially take three holograms at different wavelengths, e.g., at red (R), green (G) and blue (B) parts of the spectrum, and digitally merge them. To speed up the imaging process by a factor of three, a Bayer color sensor-chip can also be used to demultiplex three wavelengths that simultaneously illuminate the sample and digitally retrieve ind...

Henry’s law constant is an important equilibrium factor in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) mass transfer process. The air-water dimensionless Henry’s law constants (KH) and the dimensionless apparent Henry’s law constants (K’H) in air-activated sludge mixed liquor and air-wastewater system for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured at 298K. Hydrophilic VOCs (isopropanol and acetone) ...

The amount of ethanol consumed in alcoholic beverages is often used as one indicator of alcohol's impact on health and society. An objective method of measuring the amount consumed in liquor can be derived in most years from the federal excise taxes and revenues that are levied on liquor according to proof or ethanol content. Similar measurement is not possible for wine and beer. Ethanol consum...