eveloping realistic tactile displays for virtual reality has been challenging. Tangible displays are increasingly important interfaces not only for augmenting the reality of computer graphics but also for conveying graphical information to persons with visual impairments. Researchers have used various actuators for displays such as miniature loud speakers , 1 a pin array, 2 pneumatic actuators,...

The endolysin Lyb5, from Lactobacillus fermentum temperate bacteriophage phiPYB5, showed a broad lytic spectrum against Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative bacteria. Sequence analysis revealed that the C terminus of the endolysin Lyb5 (Ly5C) contained three putative lysin motif (LysM) repeat regions, implying that Ly5C was involved in bacterial cell wall binding. To investigate the potential...

In this article are reviewed the promising uses of phage display in areas such as microbial pathogens detection and vaccination. Phage is a molecular technique by which foreign proteins expressed at surface particles. Such phages thereby become vehicles for expression that not only carry within them nucleotide sequence encoding proteins, but have also capability to replicate. Recent data acquir...

BACKGROUND Bacterial surface display is of interest in many applications, including live vaccine development, screening of protein libraries and the development of whole cell biocatalysts. The goal of this work was to understand which parameters result in production of large quantities of cells that at the same time express desired levels of the chosen protein on the cell surface. For this purp...

Display of proteins like feed enzymes at the surface of bacterial spore systems has a great potential use for animal feed. Feed enzymes increase the digestibility of nutrients, leading to greater efficiency in the manufacturing of animal products and minimizing the environmental 5 impact of increased animal production. To deliver their full potential in the gut, feed enzymes must survive the ha...

Antigen 43 (Ag43) is a surface-displayed autotransporter protein of Escherichia coli. By virtue of its self-association characteristics, this protein is able to mediate autoaggregation and flocculation of E. coli cells in static cultures. Additionally, surface display of Ag43 is associated with a distinct frizzy colony morphology in E. coli. Here we show that Ag43 can be expressed in a function...

BACKGROUND The exploitation of the surface display system of food and commensal lactic acid bacteria (LAB) for bacterial, viral, or protozoan antigen delivery has received strong interest recently. The Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS) status of the Lactococcus lactis coupled with a non-recombinant strategy of in-trans surface display, provide a safe platform for therapeutic drug and vaccine de...

Microbial surface and secreted proteins (the secretome) contain a large number of proteins that interact with other microbes, host and/or environment. These proteins are exported by the coordinated activities of the protein secretion machinery present in the cell. A group of bacteriophage, called filamentous phage, have the ability to hijack bacterial protein secretion machinery in order to amp...