Efforts to ensure access to expensive, patented drugs Developing countries were not required to grant patents on medicines until 2005, but under US government threats of trade sanctions, Thailand and Brazil began doing so at least ten years prior to this date. Brazil has used price negotiations with multi-national pharmaceutical companies to lower the price of newer patented antiretrovirals. Ho...

The article analyzes the conditions for issuing a compulsory license in favor of patent holders dependent pharmaceutical inventions on basis Paragraph 2, Article 1362 Russian Civil Code. criteria relevance invention to important technical advancements with significant economic advantages are disclosed. An analysis emerging court practice issuance licenses market, meanwhile, showed that courts l...

UNLABELLED ANTIRETROVIRAL ROLLOUT IN BRAZIL AND THAILAND: Brazil and Thailand are among few developing countries to achieve universal access to antiretroviral therapy. Three factors were critical to this success: legislation for free access to treatment; public sector capacity to manufacture medicines; and strong civil society action to support government initiatives to improve access. LOCAL PR...