Payment systems are one of the key Financial Market Infrastructures (FMIs) and have showed remarkable progress over the past two decades. The first half of this chapter focuses on the evolutionary process of payment systems, starting with the Deferred Net Settlement (DNS) system and progressing to the RealTime Gross Settlement (RTGS) system. Subsequently, much more sophisticated payment systems...

Payment systems are one of the key Financial Market Infrastructures (FMIs) and have showed remarkable progress over the past two decades. The first half of this chapter focuses on the evolutionary process of payment systems, starting with the Deferred Net Settlement (DNS) system and progressing to the RealTime Gross Settlement (RTGS) system. Subsequently, much more sophisticated payment systems...

The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is a commonly used indicator of the performance of Private Finance Initiative (PFI), schemes in the UK. Treasury guidance recognises, however, that IRR is potentially misleading, unless the relevant payment streams are of a flat, annuity, type. This paper uses data on a number of actual PFI schemes to examine whether the payment streams involved are sufficientl...

Assigning a code from any of the diagnosis-related groups to a short-stay hospital discharge covered by Medicare is tantamount to the Medicare payment to the hospital, subject to certain statutory adjustments. Therefore, diagnosis-related groups are the backbone of the prospective payment system implemented October 1, 1983. However, methods employed in the assignment of diagnosis-related groups...

In Thailand, average daily values of payments have reached as high as Baht 250 billion, accounting for 5 percent of Gross Domestic Product. Thus, apart from their macro objective of price stability, central banks have increased their interest in maintaining financial stability as a micro objective, particularly in the core areas of the payment system. This paper aims to increase the understandi...

In Thailand, average daily values of payments have reached as high as Baht 250 billion, accounting for 5 percent of Gross Domestic Product. Thus, apart from their macro objective of price stability, central banks have increased their interest in maintaining financial stability as a micro objective, particularly in the core areas of the payment system. This paper aims to increase the understandi...

The retailer (buyer) is usually allowed a permissible credit period to pay back the dues without paying any interest to the wholesaler (supplier). In this problem the retailer can pay the wholesaler either at the end of credit period or later incurring interest charges on the unpaid balance for the overdue period. This research develops a retailer's model for optimal cycle and payment times for...

Since medical care expenses have been increasing rapidly with the ageing of the population, reducing the length of hospital stay (LOS) has become an important political issue in Japan. A new inclusive payment system based on the diagnosis procedure combination (DPC) was introduced in 82 special functioning hospitals in April 2003. Since April 2004, use of the DPC system has been gradually exten...

background equity of access to health and provider payment mechanism in healthcare is a worldwide debated. healthcare reforms are primarily designed to improve productivity, economic efficiency and quality of care; however, an appropriate reimbursement of healthcare providers for services offered to patients and marinating a robust payment mechanism are not elucidated yet. conclusions no single...

This paper shows that average collection period of trade receivables (ACP) and a deterioration in the credit quality both have negative effect on firm value. Evidence is based Turkish industrial firms listed Borsa Istanbul over 2005-2017 period. The exists only for whose increased by more than thirty days within last one to three years. Similarly, value consequence ACP holds high-profit firms, ...