We study a model of “organized” criticality, where a single avalanche propagates through an a priori static (i.e., organized) sandpile configuration. The latter is chosen according to an i.i.d. distribution from a Borel probability measure ρ on [0, 1]. The avalanche dynamics is driven by a standard toppling rule, however, we simplify the geometry by placing the problem on a directed, rooted tre...

Snapback breakdown is the second order effect of avalanche breakdown in a device. Snapback occur when the excess supply voltage and high currents created flow through the device and become unstable. These two breakdowns are used to explain the concept of Vertical Impact Ionization MOSFET (IMOS) in its Equivalent Circuit Model. The equivalent circuit model design consists of MOS transistors that...

The GRASS system has been used to evaluate avalanche risk. This has been done by combining heterogeneous data. Val di Pejo, located in the north-western Trentino, an Italian alpine region which shows frequent and sometimes huge avalanche phenomena, has been selected as test area. A morphologic risk has been defined in those areas where the slope is between 28° and 55° for a minimum surface of a...

The characterisation of photodiodes used as photosensors requires a determination of the number of electron–hole pairs produced by scintillation light. One method involves comparing signals produced by X-ray absorptions occurring directly in the avalanche photodiode with the light signals. When the light is derived from light-emitting diodes in the 400–600 nm range, significant non-linear behav...

A joint experiment was carried out on 10 February 1999 by the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research (SFISAR) and the Austrian Institute for Avalanche and Torrent Research (AIATR, of the Federal Office and Research Centre for Forests, BFW) to measure forces and velocities at the full scale experimental site CRÊTA BESSE in VALLÉE DE LA SIONNE, Canton du Valais, Switzerland. A hu...

Seismic signals generated by artificially released avalanches were studied f’rom the seismological viewpoint in the time and frequency domains in an attempt to characterise them for monitoring purposes. The avalanches were artificially released and the corresponding seismic signals were recorded at different sites within a radius of up to 3 km together with the video images with a common time r...

This paper deals with the application of a well-known data mining technique, multi-layer back-propagation neural network, for forecasting of an avalanche in Himalayan region. Metrological and snow data for Himalayan region has been used for training the neural network. EasyNN-plus 6.0g, neural network software for Microsoft windows, is used for the development of an optimal neural networkPUSHPD...

Growing networks decorated with antiferromagnetically coupled spins are archetypal examples of complex systems due to the frustration and the multivalley character of their energy landscapes. Here we use the damage spreading method (DS) to investigate the cohesion of spin avalanches in the exponential networks and the scale-free networks. On the contrary to the conventional methods, the results...

An avalanche survival curve is a graphical illustration of survival probability during complete avalanche burial as a function of time. The purpose of calculating these curves is not only to illustrate that survival is time-dependent, but to deduce practical information from the course of the curve. The step-wise decrease of survival over time was first recognized in the original curve in 1994 ...

It is well known that the gain–bandwidth product of an avalanche photodiode can be increased by utilizing a thin multiplication region. Previously, measurements of the excess noise factor of InP–InGaAsP–InGaAs avalanche photodiodes with separate absorption and multiplication regions indicated that this approach could also be employed to reduce the multiplication noise. This paper presents a sys...