Because firm conduct in Aspen Skiing stands at the outer boundaries of monopolization, it has received considerable scrutiny from antitrust scholars. The critical and somewhat puzzling determination of the relevant geographic market in this case—“the Aspen area”—however has received essentially no attention. In this paper, we report the results of archival and interview research to illuminate t...

STUDY DESIGN Four conditions (three orthoses, one no orthosis), full cross-over, randomized order, 12 subjects tested 3 months after a lumbar surgical arthrodesis. OBJECTIVES To assess whole torso and lumbar motions and comfort for each orthoses condition during performance of activities of daily living. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Previous noninvasive studies measured whole torso (not just ...

In northern Yellowstone National Park, quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) stands were dying out in the late 20th century following decades of intensive browsing by Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus). In 1995–1996 gray wolves (Canis lupus) were reintroduced, joining bears (Ursus spp.) and cougars (Puma concolor) to complete the guild of large carnivores that prey on elk. This was followed by a...

in this paper, to address the effect of reactor performance and configuration of biodiesel production on subsequent process parameters (including mass & energy consumption, required facilities etc.) two diverse biodiesel production processes (from plant oil) were implemented/designed using aspen hysys v7.2. two series reactors were taken into account in these designs where in the first and seco...

We report long-term patterns of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloidesMichx.) recruitment for five ungulate exclosures in the northern ungulate winter range of Yellowstone National Park. Aspen recruitment was low (<3 aspen·ha−1·year−1) in the mid-1900s prior to exclosure constructiondue toherbivorybyRockyMountain elk (Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758) but increasedmore than60-fold within 25 years afte...

Intensive forestry systems and breeding programs often include either native aspen or hybrid poplar clones, and performance and trait evaluations are mostly made within these two groups. Here, we assessed how traits with potential adaptive value varied within and across these two plant groups. Variation in nine hydraulic and wood anatomical traits as well as growth were measured in selected asp...

Concentrations of atmospheric CO(2) and tropospheric ozone (O(3)) are rising concurrently in the atmosphere, with potentially antagonistic effects on forest net primary production (NPP) and implications for terrestrial carbon sequestration. Using free-air CO(2) enrichment (FACE) technology, we exposed north-temperate forest communities to concentrations of CO(2) and O(3) predicted for the year ...

We conducted a study of natural variation in functional leaf traits and herbivory in 116 clones of European aspen, Populus tremula L., the Swedish Aspen (SwAsp) collection, originating from ten degrees of latitude across Sweden and grown in a common garden. In surveys of phytophagous arthropods over two years, we found the aspen canopy supports nearly 100 morphospecies. We identified significan...

Integrated gasification combined cycle with CO 2 capture and sequestration (IGCC-CCS) emerges as one of the most promising technologies for reducing CO 2 emission from coal power plant without reducing thermal efficiency significantly. However the high capital cost of these plants has limited their deployment. The current solvent-based low-temperature CO 2 capture process (Selexol process) is e...