Channel estimation problem is one of the key technical issues in sparse frequency-selective fading multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme. To estimate sparse MIMO channels, sparse invariable step-size normalized least mean square (ISS-NLMS) algorithms were applied to adaptive sparse channel estimation (ACSE). It...

Forum papers are thought-provoking opinion pieces or essays founded in fact, sometimes containing speculation, on a civil engineering topic of general interest and relevance to the readership journal. The views expressed this article do not necessarily reflect ASCE Editorial Board

Forum papers are thought-provoking opinion pieces or essays founded in fact, sometimes containing speculation, on a civil engineering topic of general interest and relevance to the readership journal. The views expressed this article do not necessarily reflect ASCE Editorial Board

and Applied Analysis 3 We now define two maps S1 and S2 : Ω → C t0,∞ , R as follows: S1x t ⎧⎨ ⎩ a t x t − τ , t ≥ t1, S1x t1 , t0 ≤ t ≤ t1, S2x t ⎪⎨ ⎪⎩ − 1 n − 1 ! ∫∞ t s − t n−1p s f x s − σ ds, t ≥ t1, S2x t1 v t − v t1 , t0 ≤ t ≤ t1. 2.5 We will show that for any x, y ∈ Ω we have S1x S2y ∈ Ω. For every x, y ∈ Ω and t ≥ t1 we obtain S1x t ( S2y ) t ≤ a t v t − τ − 1 n − 1 ! ∫∞ t s − t n−1p s ...

Virus-cell fusion is the primary means by which the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) delivers its genetic material into the human T-cell host. Fusion is mediated in large part by the viral glycoprotein 41 (gp41) which advances through four distinct conformational states: (i) native, (ii) pre-hairpin intermediate, (iii) fusion active (fusogenic), and (iv) post-fusion. The pre-hairpin interme...

assay–typebinding assay, the equilibriumdissociation constant (Kd) for the interactionwas established in the range of 10 M. Based on the measured Kd, it was calculated that in plasma approximately 1% of FXIII-A2 should be in free form. This value was confirmed experimentally by measuring FXIII-A2 in plasma samples immunodepleted of FXIII-A2B2. Free plasma FXIII-A2 is functionally active, and wh...

Forum papers are thought-provoking opinion pieces or essays founded in fact, sometimes containing speculation, on a civil engineering topic of general interest and relevance to the readership journal. The views expressed this article do not necessarily reflect ASCE Editorial Board

Forum papers are thought-provoking opinion pieces or essays founded in fact, sometimes containing speculation, on a civil engineering topic of general interest and relevance to the readership journal. The views expressed this article do not necessarily reflect ASCE Editorial Board

Forum papers are thought-provoking opinion pieces or essays founded in fact, sometimes containing speculation, on a civil engineering topic of general interest and relevance to the readership journal. The views expressed this article do not necessarily reflect ASCE Editorial Board