INTRODUCTION Nevoid hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola (NHNA) is a rare, benign condition of unknown etiology characterized by verrucous hyperpigmented plaques on the nipple and/or areola that was first described in 1923. Since then many cases have been reported in the literature and some have argued whether it is a distinct entity. Since the pathogenesis is unknown and it is a rare dermat...

INTRODUCTION Since its inception, reduction mammaplasty has matured considerably. Primary evolution in clinical research and practice has focused on preserving tissue viability. Surgery involves preserving not only tissue viability but also function and sensation. The nipple serves as the sensate unit of the breast and is a valuable part of women's psychological and sexual health, making preser...

BACKGROUND Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) has gained popularity for breast cancer treatment and prevention. There are limited data about long-term oncologic safety of this procedure. STUDY DESIGN We reviewed oncologic outcomes of consecutive therapeutic NSM at a single institution. Nipple-sparing mastectomy was offered to patients with no radiologic or clinical evidence of nipple involvement...

Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola (HNA) is an uncommon condition characterized by verrucose thickening and café-au-lait pigmentation of the nipple and areola.1 It was first described by Tauber in 1923 and approximately 70 cases have been published to date in the medical literature. Several therapeutic approaches have been used to treat this condition, although no gold standard has yet bee...

In mammals, some sites of specialized skin such as the palms, soles, and lips grow proportionally with the animal. However, other types of specialized skin such as the nipple and anal/genital region are dramatically altered with changes of reproductive status. The specific cell types that mediate the growth of these sites have not been identified. In the mouse, we observed a dramatic expansion ...

Nipple-areola reconstruction is often one of the final but most challenging aspects of breast reconstruction. However, it is an integral and important component of breast reconstruction because it transforms the mound into a breast. We performed 133 nipple-areola reconstructions during a period of 4 years. Of these reconstructions, 76 of 133 nipple-areola complexes were reconstructed using the ...