How to identify apple stem-ends and calyxes from defects is still a challenging project due to the complexity of the process. It is know that the stem-ends and calyxes could not appear at the same image. Therefore, a contaminated apple distinguishing method is developed in this article. That is, if there are two or more doubtful blobs on an apple’s image, the apple is contaminated one. There is...

using apple clonal rootstocks is necessary for improving crop efficiency in apple orchards. after graftingof apple cultivars on malling rootstocks, the extra parts of the rootstock was used as stem cuttings. apical,middle and basal parts of these shoots were used as cuttings. two propagation conditions, greenhouse andnursery and three concentrations of indole-3- butyric acid (iba) on rooting, c...