This paper summarizes the results on the relationship between school choice and social segregation in the United Kingdom. School choice was substantially increased in 1988, and the analysis is based on the entire UK student cohort and for every year between 1989 and 1999. A range of segregation measures were used, although the results are invariant to the index used. Socio-economic stratificati...

Abstract Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes share urban breeding sites with Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus in the Republic of Djibouti. We present evidence that A. might be responsible for an increase malaria incidence this country. also document resistance Plasmodium falciparum to dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES In the present study, an attempt was made to find reasons of ineffectiveness of indoor residual spray to interrupt malaria transmission by investigating the behaviour of two variants of Anopheles stepnesi, viz. type form and mysorensis in rural areas of Rajasthan, India. METHODS Both low malarious (DDT spray from 1958 to 1976) and high malarious (DDT spray from 1958 to...

Mosquitocidal activities of Lavandula angustifolia (L. angustifolia) different concentration essential oil (EO) and its major phytocompounds (MPCs) tested against three important human vector mosquitoes (HVMs). The quantitative analyses EO phyto-chemical compositions (PCCs) were analyzed by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). HVMswere exposed to various concentrations MPC...

Flavobacteria (members of the family Flavobacteriaceae) dominate the bacterial community in the Anopheles mosquito midgut. One such commensal, Elizabethkingia anophelis, is closely associated with Anopheles mosquitoes through transstadial persistence (i.e., from one life stage to the next); these and other properties favor its development for paratransgenic applications in control of malaria pa...

The Indian islands of Lakshadweep in the Arabian sea are known to be endemic for bancroftian filariasis. However, malaria endemicity was reported to be associated with the invasion of vector species Anopheles tessellatus from Maldives. Indigenous transmission of malaria was recorded during 1972. Thereafter the National Anti-Malaria Programme (NAMP) brought these islands under DDT spray. Since 1...

BACKGROUND Recently, essential oils and extracts derived from plants have received much interest as potential bio-active agents against mosquito vectors. METHODS The essential oils extract from fresh peel of ripe fruit of Citrus aurantium and Citrus paradisi were tested against mosquito vector Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) under laboratory condition. Then chemical composition of th...

Zika virus is a newly emergent mosquito-borne flavivirus that has caused recent large outbreaks in the new world, leading to dramatic increases in serious disease pathology including Guillain-Barre syndrome, newborn microcephaly, and infant brain damage. Although Aedes mosquitoes are thought to be the primary mosquito species driving infection, the virus has been isolated from dozens of mosquit...

BACKGROUND The Long-lasing insecticide impregnated nets (LLINs) is considered as an effective tools for malaria vector control. The aim of this study was to evaluate the residual efficacy of alpha-cypermethrin long lasting impregnated nets (LLIN-Interceptor(®)) against Anopheles stephensi using tunnel test. METHODS The wash-resistance of Interceptor(®) nets were assessed under laboratory cond...

The efficacy of leaf extracts of Momordica charantia and Bacillus thuringiensis has been proven against larvicidal and pupicidal activities of the malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi. The present study investigated the larvicidal and pupicidal activity against the first to fourth instar lavae and pupae of the laboratory-reared mosquitoes, An. stephensi. The plant extract showed larvicidal and ...