Populations are affected by shocks of different kinds, and wars, a priori, may be among the most prominent. This article studies effect Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) shock on distribution population, especially cities. One main contributions this study is that it underlines importance distinguishing between winning losing sides, an aspect which until now has been largely overlooked. While previ...

as an important event, each war has a lasting effect on people's life and language for decades. some war consequences are in direct relation with end result (winning or losing) of the war and some others are the aftermath of the war itself. this essay discusses two points about the period following the war, considering iran-iraq war. first, death becomes a routine. it will be internalized ...

SUMMARY After a short reference to Iran-Iraq war as a motivating factor for the present study, the issues of battle stress and psychological wounds of war ar discuused. Reactions of the world armies 10 psychological breakdown of soldiers, military psychotherapy, therapy in combat zone and its developmental process through Civil war, Crimean war, first and Second world wars, Korean and Vietnam ...

By the 1990s, 9 of 10 people who died in war from direct and indirect effects were civilians. Bombs and weapons of modern war kill and maim civilian women in equal numbers to civilian men. A unique harm of war for women is the trauma inflicted in military brothels, rape camps, and the growing sex trafficking for prostitution and by increased domestic violence, all of which is fueled by the cult...

Calcium ion participates in the regulation of neural transmission and the presynaptic release of neurotransmitters. It is also involved in epileptic events, cardiac arrhythmias and abnormal conduction of stimuli. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker, on epileptic seizures and on reperfusion arrhythmias in rats prone to audiogenic ...

Over the centuries historians and scholars have documented the devastating effects that war has upon society; yet whilst it is known how destructive warfare can be, wars continue to be waged. There have, however, been attempts to provide rules and regulations to limit the damaging effects of conflict. The Greeks attempted to place restraints on the recourse and conduct of war, whilst the Romans...