In the United States, police officers often decide to give drivers they stop for traffic violations a warning, which imposes no fine, instead of a ticket. Officers are also legally permitted to stop drivers for the purpose of detecting other crimes. This paper addresses two questions about the role of discretion and ulterior motives in traffic stops. First, under what conditions may it be effic...

The combined effects of inoculation level (4 or 8-fold compared to standard inoculation) and sequence (standard inoculation before fermentation and 3-fold inoculation at the end of fermentation=1+3, Two-fold inoculation before fermentation and the same at the end of fermentation=2+2, 2+6, 4-fold before fermentation=4, 4+4, and 8) of culture inoculum containing probiotics on biochemical and micr...