the european :union: in its policy declarations states that the respect for human rights is a requirement in its internal and external relations. for instance, accession of european countries to the :union:, enjoying its services, and even signing an agreement with non-members is dependent on the observation of human rights. in this paper, the position of human rights in the european :union: le...

personal security is a favorable state in which human being is secured that all his freedoms and rights are not violated, which will be increased and extended. since in some of international documents, this right is explicitly mentioned and in iranian constitutional law it is not expressly mentioned, it is necessary to study and analyze theories and examples for achieving the definition, which ...

Background: Utilitarianism is a school whose founders have justified it by emphasizing consequentialism as a public interest. The school of utilitarianism is a moral and naturalistic school that justifies principles such as justice and individual and collective freedoms. For utilitarian, one cannot rely solely on individual interests and neglect the collective interest or group interest. Human ...

Feminism, as a social uprising, today is being considered by many thinkers and researchers. Proponents of this tendency believe that women are discriminated because of their sex and state they have certain needs that are not fulfilled in the society by governmental administrations. Therefore, fundamental changes must be made in the social, economic and political system to achieve females’ basic...

this paper examines the relationship between environmental law and intellectual property law in light of international documents and procedures. the key question raised here is the role of intellectual property law in conservation of global environment. in this regard, we can express two general approaches: the neutral theory of intellectual property right and the systemic theory of intellectua...

the concept of right as one of the fundamental concepts of the law, policy and ethics, has been entered into legal discourse of iranian community. however, right is a contested concept, and any discussion of it requires theorizing. despite offering different views about the nature of right that can be categorized under two theories named will-based theory and utility-based theory, it seems that...

the inhuman acts of israel in the gaza strip (2008-9) have seriously violated the international humanitarian law.international documents such as the geneva convention (iv) and additional protocol to the geneva conventions (ii) relating to protecting civilians during armed conflicts have clearly indicated violation of humanitarian law during israeli’s deadly offensive at the turn of the year. u...