Self-awareness is an aspect of consciousness that is highly developed in humans in comparison with other animals. A human being unaware of his or her personal characteristics, of what he or she knows and doesn’t know, can do and cannot do, wants and doesn’t want, has experienced and is experiencing, etc., would surely be difficult to communicate with naturally. Therefore we believe that conscio...

Study Objectives The present study explored the sleep mechanisms which may support awareness of hidden regularities. Methods Before sleep, 53 participants learned implicitly a lateralized variant of the serial response-time task in order to localize sensorimotor encoding either in the left or right hemisphere and induce implicit regularity representations. Electroencephalographic (EEG) activi...

Anaesthesia awareness (AA) is postoperative recall of events experienced under general anaesthesia. Most frequently patients remember an auditory perception, the feeling of motor function lost, pain, helplessness, anxiety, panic, impending death. The prevalence of awareness in nonobstetric and noncardiac surgical cases is 0.1%-0.2%. The prevalence is higher in cardiac surgery, obstetric and maj...

This special issue on Formal Models of Awareness contains five papers that concentrate on different approaches to the notion of awareness. They include syntactic and semantic approaches to modelling awareness (awareness of formulas as opposed to awareness of semantic objects such as sets of possoble worlds) and an alternative view from the multi-agent systems perspective where awareness is iden...

this study aims to examine the strategies utilized by eleven postgraduate students in an efl university context in their attempts to acquire the textual practices of their discipline. first- and second-year ma students, one ph.d. student as well as individuals who had completed their ma programs in tefl took part in interviews in order to elicit the strategies they used when they endeavored to ...

Recent work has challenged the previously widely accepted belief that affective processing does not require awareness and can be carried out with more limited resources than semantic processing. This debate has focused exclusively on visual perception, even though evidence from both human and animal studies suggests that existence for nonconscious affective processing would be physiologically m...

Discourse markers improve both the quality and comprehension of a written text. This study aimed at investigating the effect of explicit and implicit instruction of formal meta-discourse markers on writ- ing skills. The quantitative data were collected from 90 upper-intermediate students at Shiraz Univer- sity Language Center. Two experimental groups went through an instruction, while the contr...

This study examined the effect of explicit instruction of hedging on English forSpecific Academic Purposes (ESAP) reading comprehension performance ofEnglish Language Learning (ELL) university students. A reading comprehensiontest was developed and validated as the pretest and the posttest. The test, includingitems for assessing the comprehension of the students in their area of specialization,...

BACKGROUND Awareness with explicit recall of intra-operative events is a rare and distressing complication that may lead to severe psychological symptoms. Candidate depth of anesthesia monitors have been developed, partly with the aim of preventing this complication. Despite conflicting results from clinical trials and the lack of incisive validation, such monitors have enjoyed widespread clini...