BACKGROUND Because economic data on the prophylactic usage of antibiotic in Iran are scant, we have conducted a cross-sectional study with provider perspective to measure costs and appropriate use of antibiotics in surgical wards of 6 training hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS), Iran. METHODS Over a six-month period 1,000 consecutive patients undergoing surgi...

to determinine the timeliness cost of machine operation, farm-level data were collected from random sample of 227 sugar beet farms located in the three major districts of fars province of iran: eghlid, marvdasht and fasa in 2006.  the results showed that timeliness cost of tillage practices (plough and land leveling), applying fertilizers before planting and timeliness in seed planting per ever...

delay in irrigated wheat primary tillage operations causes yield reduction and hidden timeliness cost in fars province. mechanization of primary tillage operations for irrigated wheat in fars province was simulated using system dynamics approach. a part of the model structure was related to the agricultural operations timeliness costs. for the mentioned simulation, causal relations between syst...

according to the increasing importance of green space and environment, decision making of environmental policy is growing at the national level and internationally, so there is an urgent need for information that could be used to promote efficient environmental decision making. in this study the economic benefits associated with eram garden of shiraz, is estimated using a double-bounded dichoto...

environmental effects associated with pesticide application have motivated the development of integrated pest management programs throughout the world. advantages of the implementation of such a program like food security, biodiversity, consumer and producer security can be stated as economic value. estimating the economic value of such programs can be helpful in identifying the benefits as wel...

because of national and international importance of the anzali international wetland, this study attempts to determine the preservation value and estimate willingness to pay (wtp) by iranian households for preserving this wetland, using contingent valuation method. a logit model was employed with maximum likelihood estimation procedure. results showed, education level of householder, informativ...

This paper tries to estimate the capital investment required for the fixed-telephony network switching equipment as demanded by the fourth national development plan. As a first step, the Cobb-Douglas model is used as a successful demand forecasting model to estimate the demand over the target years. Then, an architectural plan is developed for the fixed-telephony switching network that takes in...