objective: knowledge about the internal anatomy of the root canal and apical foramen is a critical prerequisite for root canal therapy and is necessary for the success of endodontic treatment. this study aimed to determine the distance of apical foramen from the anatomical apex and apical constriction, evaluate the deviation of apical foramen from the anatomical apex and specify the most common...

introduction: today, medical software are used in different aspects of healthcare varying from simple data processing to collection and interpretation of physiological information and education of nurses and physicians. to ensure use of medical software, they must be constantly evaluated based on specific criteria. since there is no organized evaluation system and comprehensive criteria for eva...

Background: The branches of right and left subclavian arteries are important in conducting of blood to spinal cord, posterior cranial fossa, base of the neck, thyroid gland, wall of the thorax and abdomen. The routine use of internal thoracic artery as a conduit in coronary artery bypass grafting surgery requires appreciation of the anatomical variations of these vessels. So far, there is not a...

Background: The valgus cut angle (VCA) of the distal femur in Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) is measured preoperativelyon three-joint alignment radiographs. The anatomical axis of the femur can be described as the anatomical axis of thefull length of the femur or as the anatomical axis of the distal half of the femur, which may result in different anglesin some cases. During TKA, the anatomical ...

A series of 25 cases of truncus arteriosus communis examined post mortem was studied retrospectively. Fifteen of them had had angiographic studies, enabling anatomo-radiographic correlative analysis to be made. All cases had situs solitus of the atria and concordant connections between atria and ventricles. The three main components of the malformation, present in all 25 cases, were: (a) ventri...

Although anatomical properties and vessel variations of the celiac trunk are well explored in the literature, there is not so much information on the arterial diameters, and this data is important for surgical procedures and angiographic examinations. The aim of this study was to investigate properties of the celiac trunk in humans by using anatomical dissection. Ninety cadavers were dissected ...

THE JOURNAL OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY C. M. Gupte, MRCS, Research Fellow A. Smith, FRCS, Research Fellow I. D. McDermott, FRCS, Research Fellow A. M. J. Bull, PhD, Lecturer R. D. Thomas, FRCS Ed, Honorary Senior Lecturer A. A. Amis, DSc, Professor of Orthopaedic Biomechanics Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Musculoskeletal Surgery and Bioengineering, Imperial College, Exhibition Road, Lon...

The functional neuroanatomy of unipolar major depression was investigated using positron emission tomography to measure differences in regional cerebral blood flow (BF). A relatively homogeneous subject group was obtained using criteria for familial pure depressive disease (FPDD), which are based upon family history as well as upon symptoms and course. Because of the absence of certain knowledg...